Barrett's esophagus (BE) is the precursor to esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). Progression to cancer typically occurs in a stepwise fashion through worsening dysplasia and ultimately, invasive neoplasia. Established EAC with deep involvement of the esophageal wall and/or metastatic disease is invariably associated with poor long-term survival rates. This guides the rationale of surveillance of Barrett’s in an attempt to treat lesions at an earlier, and potentially curative stage. The last two decades have seen a paradigm shift in management of Barrett’s with rapid expansion in the role of endoscopic eradication therapy (EET) for management of dysplastic and early neoplastic BE, and there have been substantial changes to international consensus guidelines for management of early BE based on evolving evidence. This review aims to assist the physician in the therapeutic decision-making process with patients by comprehensive review and summary of literature surrounding natural history of Barrett’s by histological stage, and the effectiveness of interventions in attenuating the risk posed by its natural history. Key findings were as follows. Non-dysplastic Barrett’s is associated with extremely low risk of progression, and interventions cannot be justified. The annual risk of cancer progression in low grade dysplasia is between 1%-3%; EET can be offered though evidence for its benefit remains confined to highly select settings. High-grade dysplasia progresses to cancer in 5%-10% per year; EET is similarly effective to and less morbid than surgery and should be routinely performed for this indication. Risk of nodal metastases in intramucosal cancer is 2%-4%, which is comparable to operative mortality rate, so EET is usually preferred. Submucosal cancer is associated with nodal metastases in 14%-41% hence surgery remains standard of care, except for select situations.

Acute gastrointestinal perforations occur either from spontaneous or iatrogenic causes. However, particular attention should be made in acute iatrogenic perforations as timely diagnosis and endoscopic closure prevent morbidity and mortality. With the increasing use of diagnostic endoscopy and advances in therapeutic endoscopy worldwide, the endoscopist must be able to recognize and manage perforations. Depending on the size and location of the defect, a variety of endoscopic clips, stents, and suturing devices are available. This review aims to prepare and guide the endoscopist to use the right tools and techniques for optimal patient outcomes.

Background: Rising hepaticojejunostomy surgeries have led to an increase in benign strictures of the anastomosis. Double balloon enteroscopy assisted ERCP (DBE-ERCP) and percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) are treatment options however there is lack of long-term outcomes, with no consensus on management. We performed a retrospective study assessing the outcomes of patients referred for endoscopic management of hepaticojejunostomy anastomotic strictures (HJAS). Methods: All consecutive patients at a tertiary institution underwent endoscopic intervention for suspected HJAS between 2009 and 2021 were enrolled. Results: 82 subjects underwent DBE-ERCP for suspected HJAS. Technical success was 77% (63/82). A HJAS was confirmed in 41 patients. Clinical success of DBE-ERCP +/- PTBD was 71% (29/41). DBE-ERCP alone achieved clinical success in 49% (20/41). PTBD was required in 49% (20/41). Dual therapy was required in 22% (9/41). Those with liver transplant had lower technical success compared to other surgeries (72.1% vs 82.1% p=0.29), lower clinical success with DBE-ERCP alone (40% vs 62.5% p=0.16) and required more PTBD (56% vs 37.5% p=0.25). All those with ischemic biliopathy (n=9) required PTBD for clinical success, required more DBE-ERCP (4.4 vs 2.0, p=0.004), more PTBD (4.7 vs 0.3, p<0.0001), longer treatment duration (181.6 vs 99.5 days p=0.12) and had higher recurrence (55.6% vs 30.3% p=0.18) compared to those with HJAS alone. Liver transplant was the leading cause of ischemic biliopathy (89%). The overall adverse event rate was 7%. Conclusion: DBE-ERCP is an effective diagnostic and therapeutic tool in those with altered gastrointestinal anatomy and is associated with low complication rates.

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