Although the timely conveyance of information at national meetings like those of the Orthopaedic Research Society is critical to the dissemination of new scientific research, the ultimate goal of most researchers is to publish work in peer-reviewed journals referenced in Medline. All of the abstracts that were presented at the podium at the 1991, 1992, and 1993 annual meetings of the Orthopaedic Research Society and printed in the appropriate yearly transactions were included in this study (n=888,296 per year). A detailed computerized Medline search of each author on the abstract and the appropriate keywords from the title was performed until a publication was found; otherwise, the abstract was excluded. The database was searched through June 30, 1997. A total of 463 (52%) of the abstracts were published by July 1, 1997. The percentages for each individual year were similar: 148 (50%) were published in 1991, 162 (55%) in 1992, and 153 (52%) in 1993. Publication of the majority of these papers (93.1%, 431 of 463) occurred within 4 years of the respective meeting. The Journal of Orthopaedic Research published the majority of these papers (17.5%), followed by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (American), the Journal of Biomechanics, Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, and Spine (each 5.2%). No significant differences in the rate of publication were observed between papers of 10 broad subject categories (p=0.103). These results are similar to those from other basic science meetings and to the recently reported results for the annual meeting of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons.
The public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. 1. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YY) 2. REPORT TYPE Recent results from combustion experiments in a direct-connect supersonic combustor are presented. Successful ignition and sustained combustion of gaseous ethylene have been achieved using an injector/flameholder concept with low-angle, flush-wall fuel injection upstream of a wall cavity. Two interchangeable facility nozzles (Mach 1.8 and 2.2) were used to obtain combustor inlet flow properties that simulate flight conditions between Mach 4 and 6 at a dynamic pressure of 47.9 kPa. Mainstream combustion was achieved at equivalence ratios between 0.25 and 0.75 using only a spark plug and no other external ignition aids. Delta-force levels between 667 and 1779 N were measured, with corresponding combustor pressure ratios between 3.1 and 4.0. Video records of the flame zone show an intensely active combustion zone with rapid flame spreading. One-dimensional performance analysis of the test data indicates a combustion efficiency around 80%with an average combustor skin friction coefficient of 0.0028.
A small amount of water added to a supercritical fluid can greatly increase the solubility of polar species in nonpolar fluids. These modified supercritical solutions significantly expand the use of the fluids in separations and reactions. In order to successfully utilize these systems, information on the miscibility or solubility of water in the fluid is required. Often solubility data are not available for water in a supercritical fluid under a given set of temperature and pressure conditions, and a costly set of equipment must be assembled in order to make these measurements. A relatively fast and inexpensive technique to measure water solubilities using a simple long path length optical cell in an FT-IR spectrometer is described. This technique is also applicable to common and newly developed refrigerants where water solubilities are often unknown at temperatures much above ambient In this paper, water solubility data in carbon dioxide and two types of refrigerants (chlorodifluoromethane, R22; 1,1,1,2tetrafluoroethane, R134a) are presented for temperatures from approximately 40 to 110 °C and pressures from approximately 10 to 344.8 bar.For many systems, miscibility data can be determined from the binary phase equilibria derived from direct visual observation without the problems associated with taking discrete samples from a pressure vessel.* 1•2 For the binary system of water in a nonpolar supercritical fluid, however, the very low water solubility (<2.0 mol %) usually precludes use of these direct methods since it is difficult to visually detect the very small volumes of the liquid phase. In liquefied gases, at low temperatures and ambient pressures, water is normally quantified using Karl Fischer titration, gravimetric methods (phosphorus pentoxide), or electric conductometric methods.3 At higher temperatures and pressures, these methods become difficult to perform and more elaborate systems have to be devised. Direct fluid injection mass spectrometry (DFI-MS) has been suggested as an alternative technique,4 but this method requires expensive equipment. Alternative spectroscopic 4 Operated by Battelle Memorial Institute.(1) Sadus, R J. High Pressure Phase Behavior of Multi-component Fluid Mixtures', Elsevier: Amsterdam, 1992.(2) Jackson, K A Study of the Miscibilities of Liquids in Carbon Dioxide. Ph.D.
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