Europa is a premier target for advancing both planetary science and astrobiology, as well as for opening a new window into the burgeoning field of comparative oceanography. The potentially habitable subsurface ocean of Europa may harbor life, and the globally young and comparatively thin ice shell of Europa may contain biosignatures that are readily accessible to a surface lander. Europa’s icy shell also offers the opportunity to study tectonics and geologic cycles across a range of mechanisms and compositions. Here we detail the goals and mission architecture of the Europa Lander mission concept, as developed from 2015 through 2020. The science was developed by the 2016 Europa Lander Science Definition Team (SDT), and the mission architecture was developed by the preproject engineering team, in close collaboration with the SDT. In 2017 and 2018, the mission concept passed its mission concept review and delta-mission concept review, respectively. Since that time, the preproject has been advancing the technologies, and developing the hardware and software, needed to retire risks associated with technology, science, cost, and schedule.

On September 7th, 2017 the U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory launched the second Advanced Structurally Embedded Thermal Spreader (ASETS-II) flight experiment to space on Orbital Test Vehicle 5. The ASETS-II experiment is made of three low-mass, low-cost oscillating heat pipes (OHPs) and an electronics/experiment control box. The three primary science objectives of the experiment are to measure the initial on-orbit thermal performance, to measure long duration thermal performance, and to assess any lifetime degradation. The three OHPs on ASETS-II are of varying configuration (center heating with single-and double-sided cooling) and working fluids (butane and R-134a) in order to isolate specific performance parameters of interest. OHP #3 was specifically designed in order to explore the operating limits on OHP operation in microgravity without requiring excessive operating temperature or pressure. Data collected during the first 6 months of on-orbit operations are presented in this paper. It is shown that each OHP performed as expected, where on-orbit data for OHPs #1 and #2 mirrored ground-truth performance, and the OHP #3 on-orbit maximum operating evaporator temperature increased from ground-truth. The OHPs experienced no significant hysteresis effects and OHP #1 performed successfully in six-week long continuous operation.

In the power plant industry, the turbine inlet temperature (TIT) plays a key role in the efficiency of the gas turbine and, therefore, the overall — in most cases combined — thermal power cycle efficiency. Gas turbine efficiency increases by increasing TIT. However, an increase of TIT would increase the turbine component temperature which can be critical (e.g., hot gas attack). Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) — porous media coatings — can avoid this case and protect the surface of the turbine blade. This combination of TBC and film cooling produces a better cooling performance than conventional cooling processes. The effective thermal conductivity of this composite is highly important in design and other thermal/structural assessments. In this article, the effective thermal conductivity of a simplified model of TBC is evaluated. This work details a numerical study on the steady-state thermal response of two-phase porous media in two dimensions using personal finite element analysis (FEA) code. Specifically, the system response quantity (SRQ) under investigation is the dimensionless effective thermal conductivity of the domain. A thermally conductive matrix domain is modeled with a thermally conductive circular pore arranged in a uniform packing configuration. Both the pore size and the pore thermal conductivity are varied over a range of values to investigate the relative effects on the SRQ. In this investigation, an emphasis is placed on using code and solution verification techniques to evaluate the obtained results. The method of manufactured solutions (MMS) was used to perform code verification for the study, showing the FEA code to be second-order accurate. Solution verification was performed using the grid convergence index (GCI) approach with the global deviation uncertainty estimator on a series of five systematically refined meshes for each porosity and thermal conductivity model configuration. A comparison of the SRQs across all domain configurations is made, including uncertainty derived through the GCI analysis.

The evaluation of effective material properties in heterogeneous materials (e.g., composites or multicomponent structures) has direct relevance to a vast number of applications, including nuclear fuel assembly, electronic packaging, municipal solid waste, and others. The work described in this paper is devoted to the numerical verification assessment of the thermal behavior of porous materials obtained from thermal modeling and simulation. Two-dimensional, steady state analyses were conducted on unit cell nano-porous media models using the finite element method (FEM). The effective thermal conductivity of the structures was examined, encompassing a range of porosity. The geometries of the models were generated based on ordered cylindrical pores in six different porosities. The dimensionless effective thermal conductivity was compared in all simulated cases. In this investigation, the method of manufactured solutions (MMS) was used to perform code verification, and the grid convergence index (GCI) is employed to estimate discretization uncertainty (solution verification). The system response quantity (SRQ) under investigation is the dimensionless effective thermal conductivity across the unit cell. Code verification concludes an approximately second order accurate solver. It was found that the introduction of porosity to the material reduces effective thermal conductivity, as anticipated. This approach can be readily generalized to study a wide variety of porous solids from nano-structured materials to geological structures.

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High-fidelity computational thermal models (HFMs) of mechanical systems typically incorporate multi-disciplinary data sources to define boundary conditions, constraints, and dynamic system inputs. Oftentimes, HFMs are used during the planning, design, fabrication, testing, and operational phases of the mechanical systems, however, most of that data is processed during the modeling and test phases to discover and verify system responses. This approach can lead to much unused data and engineering effort that could otherwise provide useful information during the operational phases of the systems. One major bottleneck in using HFMs during the operational phase is data volume and computation time. Reduced-order models (ROMs), such as Gaussian processes, can consolidate data volume, data complexity, and time complexity needed for processing HFMs. The Borg multi-objective evolutionary algorithm (MOEA) presents a possible effective approach for processing ROM information in conjunction with real-time true process data to better understand the real-time state of a system. An investigation is being performed into the use of ROMs with the Borg MOEA to capitalize on engineering effort and simulation data that would otherwise be abandoned. This paper discusses the results of such a study in a steady-state conductive-radiative heat transfer system.

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