of the mechanisms and processes associated with the identification of critical source areas, P mobilization, delivery and biogeochemical processing, as otherwise even highintensity and high-resolution research efforts will only reveal an incomplete picture of the full global impact of the terrestrial derived P on downstream aquatic and marine ecosystems.

Abstract. Headwater streams export CO2 as lateral downstream export and vertical evasion from the stream surface. CO2 in boreal headwater streams generally originates from adjacent terrestrial areas, so determining the sources and rate of CO2 transport along the hillslope–riparian–stream continuum could improve estimates of CO2 export via the aquatic pathway, especially by quantifying evasion at higher temporal resolutions. Continuous measurements of dissolved CO2 concentrations and water table were made along the hillslope–riparian–stream continuum in the Västrabäcken sub-catchment of the Krycklan Catchment, Sweden. Daily water and CO2 export from the hillslope and riparian zone were estimated over one hydrological year (October 2012–September 2013) using a flow-concentration model and compared with measured lateral downstream CO2 export. Total water export over the hydrological year from the hillslope was 230 mm yr-1 compared with 270 mm yr-1 from the riparian zone. This corresponds well (proportional to the relative upslope contributing area) to the annual catchment runoff of 265 mm yr-1. Total CO2 export from the riparian zone to the stream was 3.0 g CO2-C m-2 yr-1. A hotspot for riparian CO2 export was observed at 30–50 cm depth (accounting for 71% of total riparian export). Seasonal variability was high with export peaks during the spring flood and autumn storm events. Downtream lateral CO2 export (determined from stream water dissolved CO2 concentrations and discharge) was 1.2 g CO2-C m-2 yr-1. Subtracting downstream lateral export from riparian export (3.0 g CO2-C m-2 yr-1) gives 1.8 g CO2-C m-2 yr-1 which can be attributed to evasion losses (accounting for 60% of export via the aquatic pathway). The results highlight the importance of terrestrial CO2 export, especially from the riparian zone, for determining catchment aquatic CO2 losses and the importance of the CO2 evasion component to carbon export via the aquatic conduit.

Phosphorus (P) is the limiting nutrient for primary production in most freshwater ecosystems. The magnitude of P leaching from agricultural soils is therefore critical. Preferential flow has been proposed as a major cause for high P losses in structured clay soils. Undisturbed soil of two texturally different soils, that is, a day soil in which preferential flow was expected to be the main mode of water transport and a sandy soil where piston flow is the dominant process, were used in this study. Use of labeled P made it possible to determine the origin of leached P. An equivalent of 100 kg P ha−1, labeled with 33P, was added to the soil surface of each lysimeter. Water equivalents to 100 mm were added on five occasions with 7 d between each watering event. Ponded flow conditions were established during periods when water was added, to trigger preferential Bow behavior. Phosphorus leaching loads from day columns were much higher than P loads from sand columns. The average P leaching load for the five day columns was 4.0 kg ha−1, compared to only 56 g ha−1 for the three sand columns. The main part of leached P was in dissolved (PO4‐P) form. The recently added P prevailed in leachate from the clay soil indicating rapid transport of added P from the soil surface through the profile via macropores.

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The evolution of phosphorus (P) management decision support tools (DSTs) and systems (DSS), in support of food and environmental security has been most strongly affected in developed regions by national strategies (i) to optimize levels of plant available P in agricultural soils, and (ii) to mitigate P runoff to water bodies. In the United States, Western Europe, and New Zealand, combinations of regulatory and voluntary strategies, sometimes backed by economic incentives, have often been driven by reactive legislation to protect water bodies. Farmer‐specific DSSs, either based on modeling of P transfer source and transport mechanisms, or when coupled with farm‐specific information or local knowledge, have typically guided best practices, education, and implementation, yet applying DSSs in data poor catchments and/or where user adoption is poor hampers the effectiveness of these systems. Recent developments focused on integrated digital mapping of hydrologically sensitive areas and critical source areas, sometimes using real‐time data and weather forecasting, have rapidly advanced runoff modeling and education. Advances in technology related to monitoring, imaging, sensors, remote sensing, and analytical instrumentation will facilitate the development of DSSs that can predict heterogeneity over wider geographical areas. However, significant challenges remain in developing DSSs that incorporate “big data” in a format that is acceptable to users, and that adequately accounts for catchment variability, farming systems, and farmer behavior. Future efforts will undoubtedly focus on improving efficiency and conserving phosphate rock reserves in the face of future scarcity or prohibitive cost. Most importantly, the principles reviewed here are critical for sustainable agriculture. Core Ideas Strategies protecting water bodies are often driven by reactive legislation. Phosphorus management focuses on plant available P and mitigating P runoff. Decision support is based on P transfer, best practices, education, and action. Recent scientific developments have rapidly advanced runoff modeling and education. DS challenges are “big data,” farming systems, and farmer behavior.