or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. C anola (Brassica napus L.) is an oil seed crop that con-ABSTRACT Water being a major limiting factor in crop production, prediction of the growth and yield response of crop to water is important. Field experiments were conducted in 2009 and 2010 at Wagga Wagga (Australia) to calibrate and validate a water productivity model AquaCrop for canola (Brassica napus L.). Th e calibrated model was able to accurately simulate evolution of canopy cover, biomass accumulation, and grain yield, with low values of root mean-square error and model effi ciency, and Willmot's d statistics values close to unity. However, the model overestimated biomass and yield of canola grown in 2009 under a high moisture stress condition. Measured and simulated biomass of Skipton variety grown in 2010 to validate AquaCrop were 21. 1 and 19.1 t ha -1 , respectively. Th e grain yield was 3.18 and 3.11 t ha -1 , respectively. In the drought year of 2009, measured and simulated biomass were 8.13 and 9.56 t ha -1 , respectively, for the Bln3343-Co0401 variety used for validation. Th e grain yield was 1.75 and 1.96 t ha -1 , respectively. Although AquaCrop was able to capture the trend, it tended to slightly overestimate soil water content during the season. To standardize the conservative parameters developed in this study, further tests are recommended under different environmental and management conditions.
Mitigation of the deleterious impacts of climate change on agriculture is a crucial strategy for securing food resources to meet the future demand of the world with a steadily increasing population. We used a pre-validated Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator (APSIM) to explore the implementation of crop residue incorporation (RI) to mitigate the impacts of climate change on water use and crop yield for four winter crops at six sites in eastern Australia. Various residue management practices were simulated under current climate data and statistically downscaled climate data from 28 GCM simulations of RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 for the period 1900-2100. The results showed that increasing future temperature shortened crop growth duration ranged from 7.4±0.9 days °C-1 for barley to 3.9±1.9 days °C-1 for canola. Under projected increases in the CO2 concentration and associated climate change, the overall average crop yield for 2021-2100 in eastern Australia without RI could change by-28±5% for wheat,-22±6% for barley,-6±6% for canola and +7±17% for chickpea relative to 1951-2000 yields. With RI, crop yields could be changed by +16±14% for wheat, 11±12% for barley and 7±8% for canola and +9±17% for chickpea. Further analysis showed that greater crop transpiration was the major advantage of RI. WUE in wheat and barley also increased significantly under RI due to reduced soil evaporation and surface runoff. This effect increased under future climate changes, but the effectiveness of RI varied by location. 3 In general, the positive effects of RI on water balance and crop yield were higher at dry sites than at wet sites. Therefore, RI can be an effective adaptation option for mitigating the impacts of climate change on winter crops by improving WUE, but is more effective in narrow-leaf cropping systems in hot and dry environments.
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