The apparel industry is considered to be one of the most polluting manufacturing industries and it generates a large number of wastes that can harm the environment. Ignorance of the waste of finished and used leather and fabric leads to environmental pollution. Converting this solid waste into efficient products is proving to be a challenge. The article examines the possible use of waste leather, fabric, and low‐density polyethylene to develop composites using plant binder. This composite material has a comparable tensile strength (23.6 ± 0.16 μm), the flexibility of 89%, and very reasonable elongation at break (31.40%) when compared to the standard reinforcement material of leather goods since the commercial reinforcement have tensile strength of 15–25 μm; flexibility 50%–90% and 25–40 (Teklay, 2018). The mechanical properties of the flexible composite were promising and made it possible to use it in the leather and textile industries in goods manufacturing as reinforcement of bag. Therefore, the study uncovered a new concept for making composite materials that are environmentally friendly and cost effective as reinforcement of bag manufacturing.
The rapid growth of textile industries in Ethiopia plays an important role in economic development. However, the sludge from these wastewater treatment plants, which is not an integral part of the treatment process, is often considered hazardous as it is contaminated with heavy metals of dyestuffs and chemicals. The customary transfer routines such as landfilling and incineration may not be suitable because the leachate from the landfilling destinations and the buildups from the incinerators lead to optional contamination. Moreover, such transfer choices are not financially practical. Therefore, there is a growing need to look for various applications of sludge handling for sustainable development. This study attempts to find out an environmentally friendly solution for the management of the textile sludge by incinerating the sludge and using it for partial replacement of cement in concrete production. Concrete is a composite material formed by the combination of cement, sand, coarse aggregate, and water in a particular proportion so that concrete produced meets the needs regarding its workability, strength, durability, and economy. Typical textile sludge was having high heavy metal contents as per the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) guideline and should be properly disposed of. The sludge upon incineration at 625°C for four hours gives 78.1% moisture content, 61.2% volatile organic matter, and 59.6% inorganic ash content. The main reactive oxide elements such as SiO2, Fe2O3, CaO, and Al2O3 were found to be 18.51, 3.19, 23.87, and 12.73% by weight in the ash. The calorific value determined from the dried sludge were found to be 1973 cal/gm. Concrete block was manufactured by replacement of cement with 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50% incinerated textile sludge ash, and the manufactured block was evaluated in terms of their compressive strengths, leaching behavior, and water absorption. The replacement cement by the ash increases the hydration time reduced, and up to 20%, sludge ash incorporation in the concrete mix design gives the designed compressive strength. Eventhough water absorption increases with increasing content of the incorporation of the ash, for the 20% replacement of cement, the lethal concentration of heavy metals was obtained to be below the permissible limit set by USEPA. Consequently, the experiment work indicates that the potential use of textile sludge ash for cement concrete gives the possibilities of reduction of heavy metal contamination to surroundings upon sludge disposal, reduces the use of raw materials for producing cement and reduces environmental pollution during cement production.
Boron/epoxy laminates are used in aircraft and space vehicles for their high strength. Evaluation of stresses and residual strength of the laminate with square cutout are not analyzed in the literature. The present work is focused on studying the effect of hole orientation and laminate geometry on Boron/Epoxy composites laminates under in-plane loading. The analytical solution for stresses around holes in laminates is derived using Savins’s complex variables method to consider a multilayered plate with different hole shapes and orientations of loading. The basic equations of failure criteria available for plain laminates are derived to calculate the residual strength of the laminates with hole using the stresses obtained from the analytical solution. The derived analytical solution is validated by reproducing exactly the same results of earlier researchers even by other formulations and also by the results of finite element analysis using ANSYS. The [0/0]s laminate is not preferred due to highest stress concentrations at the corners that range between 12 to 12.45. Similarly, [45/-45]s laminate is also not preferred due to its higher values of stress concentrations which range from 9.5 to 28. The normalized stress for [0/90]s under x-axis loading is 9.6 and for y-axis loading it is 9.5 which is almost the same. Even for equi-biaxial loading, it is 8.5 and for shear loading, it is 12.45. Except for shear loading, [0/90]s laminate seems to be a better choice for a reasonable value of stress concentration for any general case loading. The analytical solution derived in the present work is the most general and unique as it can yield the stresses around any shape of hole and laminate geometry and all types of in plane loading. This solution will be able to reproduce the results of all other solutions available in the literature by different formulations.
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