Background: Postmenopausal bleeding is a condition where endometrial carcinoma is to be ruled out. Traditionally, D and C is the preferred method for diagnosis in such condition. Other diagnostic modalities like trans vaginal ultrasonography (TVS) and hysteroscopy are being used for diagnosis in the cases of PMB. The objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and accuracy of TVS and hysteroscopy in women with postmenopausal bleeding (PMB).Methods: One hundred postmenopausal women with vaginal bleeding underwent TVS and hysteroscopy. Endometrial tissue was obtained by curettage and sent for histopathology examination. The results of TVS and Hysteroscopy were compared against HP report.Results: Hysteroscopy was successful in 98 patients. Endometrial histopathology revealed proliferative, secretory and atrophic endometrium in 26, 7 and 23 patients respectively. Polyp was diagnosed in 13 patients. Endometrial hyperplasia was detected in 11 patients and endometrial malignancy in 14 patients. All patients with endometrial hyperplasia and malignancy had ET (endometrial thickness) more than 4 mm, except one patient with endometrial malignancy who had 4 mm ET. The sensitivity and specificity of TVS for suspecting endometrial pathology at ET 4mm were 93% and 69.6%, respectively. Hysteroscopy had sensitivity of 95.2%, specificity of 92.8%, with diagnostic accuracy of 93.8%.Conclusions: Hysteroscopy was found to be the more sensitive and specific than Transvaginal sonography for diagnosing endometrial pathologies. Hysteroscopy is safe and effective for detecting endometrial pathologies in patients with PMB.
Background: Cesarean section (C-section) is one of the most commonly performed surgery in modern obstetrics. Due to this the worldwide continuous rise in the incidence of cesarean sections, the number of women with postpartum infection is expected to increase. Postpartum infections are a major cause of prolonged hospital stay and increase burden to our health care system. The objective of this study was to determine the incidence and risk factor for the of Surgical site infections (SSI). Methods: A Retrospective analytical study was conducted at Smt. Kashibai Navale medical college and general hospital, Pune. 1269 Patients undergoing LSCS from January 2017 to December 2017 were included after satisfying inclusion and exclusion criteria were included in the study. Results: Out of 1269 LSCS patient, 56(4.4%) of them had SSI, which represents the incidence rate of SSI post LSCS in our study. Anemia and previous caesarean were important risk factor for SSI in our study. Prolonged surgery was found to be statistically significant etiological factor in the study. MRSA (37.5%) was the commonest pathogen to produce SSI in our series, followed by sterile culture in 21% cases. Conclusion: Surgical site infection (SSI) following cesarean delivery was noted in 4.4% patients and it is a major cause of burden of disease both for the patients and the healthcare system in terms of the morbidity, and economic costs. Multidisciplinary team approach has proven effective for decreasing the incidence to minimal level. Reduction in incidence of SSI may be achieved by use of peri operative antibiotics, correction of anemia, use of proper surgical techniques and minimizing the duration of surgery. Pre-operative and post LSCS antibiotic policy should depend on types of bacteria isolated by culture and there resistance mechanism. This may effectively contribute in decreasing SSI after LSCS.
PMA2020 gathers nationally representative data on family planning and WASH annually at both the household and facility level in 10 FP2020 priority countries. By training a network of women from the selected communities to collect and transfer the survey data through smartphones, PMA2020 turns the data around rapidly and cost-effectively. The PMA2020 project is implemented by the Bill & Melinda Gates Institute for Population and Reproductive Health at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. For more information, visit www.pma2020.org.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.