Products from the pyrolysis of tire-derived fuels (TDFs) were investigated with various analytical techniques and under various final pyrolysis temperatures and heating rates. The pyrolytic products are classified as char (solid product), pyrolysis oil (liquid), and gas. Principal functional groups of the TDF and pyrolysis oil were confirmed by a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, coupled with attenuated total reflectance (FT-IR/ATR). The byproducts in the pyrolysis oil fraction were individually quantified using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The major products are one- and two-ring methyl-substituted aromatic isomers. Byproduct formation mechanisms of TDF pyrolysis were hypothesized based on the products identified. The mechanisms for aromatic hydrocarbons formation were found to be associated with polymer degradation, methyl displacement, and the Diels−Alder reactions. Our study indicated that GC-MS coupled with FT-IR is sufficient to investigate the semivolatile and volatile organic species from the decomposition of complex polymeric materials such as tires.
Pyrolytic product distribution rates and pyrolysis behavior of tire-derived fuels (TDF) were investigated using thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) techniques. A TGA was designed and built to investigate the behavior and products of pyrolysis of typical TDF specimens. The fundamental knowledge of TGA analysis and principal fuel analysis are applied in this study. Thermogravimetry of the degradation temperature of the TDF confirms the overall decomposition rate of the volatile products during the depolymerization reaction. The principal fuel analysis (proximate and ultimate analysis) of the pyrolytic char products show the correlation of volatilization into the gas and liquid phases and the existence of fixed carbon and other compounds that remain as a solid char. The kinetic parameters were calculated using least square with minimizing sum of error square technique. The results show that the average kinetic parameters of TDF are the activation energy, E ϭ 1322 Ϯ 244 kJ/mol, a pre-exponential constant of A ϭ 2.06 Ϯ 3.47 ϫ 10 10 min Ϫ1 , and a reaction order n ϭ 1.62 Ϯ 0.31. The model-predicted rate equations agree with the experimental data. The overall TDF weight conversion represents the carbon weight conversion in the sample.
In this study, a recovery assessment of the permanent housing and living conditions in the aftermath of the 2004 Tsunami in Phang-nga Province, Thailand, was conducted using geoinformatics technologies, field observations, and living-related parameters from basic minimum need (BMN) data retrieved from the Ministry of Interior. In the results, 29 permanent housing projects were mapped, classified into five sizes (very small, small, medium, large, and very large), and overlaid with the tsunami-inundated zone visually interpreted from satellite images. Thirteen out of twenty-nine projects were reconstructed in the inundation zone (in situ), while the rest were relocated to higher ground. Permanent houses were rebuilt in 18 communities in three patterns: single-story or one-story houses (511 houses), single-story and raised-basement houses (58 houses), and two-story houses (712 houses). The selected BMN’s living-related parameters, such as sufficient water for household consumption (dimension: dwelling), employment of people between 15 and 60 years old (dimension: economy), and participation in communities’ activities (dimension: participation), which covered 2002–2015 at the community-based level, were compared annually to its criterion and indicated as passing or not passing the standard. The reconstructed communities recovered (passing the requirements) within four years of transferring to the reconstructed houses.
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