A field experiment was conducted in an Inceptisols with sandy loam soil of the research farm of Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal from October 2016 to January 2017 to evaluate the effects of different sources of organic manure in growth and yield of radish. The experiment was carried out in a Randomized Complete Block Design with six treatments (Poultry manure, goat manure, FYM, biogas byproduct, recommended dose of fertilizer and control) and was replicated four times. Pyuthane Red variety (released on 1994) of radish was used as a test crop. After analysis of primary nutrients of the organic manures, the amount was fixed on the basis of recommended nitrogen (100 kg N per hectare) as a reference value. The application of organic manures significantly increased the plant height, number of leaves, leaf breadth, root length, root diameter and biomass yield. The highest biomass yield (75.16 Mg/ha) and highest root yield (49.41 Mg/ha) was obtained from poultry manure application which was similar with recommended rate of fertilizer. The study suggested that application of poultry was found more beneficial and significantly improved growth and yield of radish. Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 7(1): 39-42
Sclerotium rolfsii, the causal agent of peanut stem rot, is a diverse pathogen that has exhibited decreases in sensitivity to fungicides in areas where they are frequently applied. To better understand this pathogen's diversity and its response to various fungicides in Florida, a monitoring survey was done to examine isolates from several peanut producing areas using morphological characteristics, mycelial compatibility groupings and fungicide sensitivity profiles. A high level of morphological diversity was observed among a small number (N ¼ 15) of isolates which was affirmed by both Shannon-Weiner (E ¼ 0.812) and Simpson's (D ¼ 0.280) indices. However, despite this high level of diversity, fungicide sensitivity of these isolates to flutolanil (EC 50 ¼ 0.031 ppm) and tebuconazole (EC 50 ¼ 0.008 ppm) appears to remain relatively unchanged when compared to a previous baseline study. Utilizing a small number of isolates, this monitoring survey indicated the EC 50 values for the products azoxystrobin (EC 50 ¼ 0.050 ppm), prothioconazole (EC 50 ¼ 0.213 ppm), penthiopyrad (EC 50 ¼ 0.016 ppm) and solatenol (EC 50 ¼ 0.005 ppm). A trend for hormesis was also noted in this survey (e.g. flutolanil), but further research is necessary to better understand sub-lethal fungicide dose effects on increasing mycelial growth. It is apparent from these results that despite the high levels of phenotypic diversity in S. rolfsii populations, current fungicide management practices should remain effective for disease control.
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