Bone loss due to accidents or tissue diseases requires replacement of the structure by either autografts, allografts, or artificial materials. Reactive cements, which are based on calcium phosphate chemistry, are commonly used in nonload bearing areas such as the craniofacial region. Some of these materials are resorbed by the host under physiological conditions and replaced by bone. The aim of this study was to test different calcium and magnesium cement composites in vitro for their use as bone substitution material. Phase composition of calcium deficient hydroxyapatite (Ca(9) (PO(4) )(5) HPO(4) OH), brushite (CaHPO(4) ·2H(2) O), and struvite (MgNH(4) PO(4) ·6H(2) O) specimens has been determined by means of X-ray diffraction, and compressive strength was measured. Cell growth and activity of osteoblastic cells (MG 63) on the different surfaces was determined, and the expression of bone marker proteins was analyzed by western blotting. Cell activity normalized to cell number revealed higher activity of the osteoblasts on brushite and struvite when compared to hydroxyapatite and also the expression of osteoblastic marker proteins was highest on brushite scaffolds. While brushite sets under acidic conditions, formation of struvite occurs under physiological pH, similar to hydroxyapatite cements, providing the possibility of additional modifications with proteins or other active components.