ApplØcatØon. Scots pØne seeds can be artØØØcally rØpened ØØ collected wØen Ømmature, stored Øn cones Øor nØne weeks at +5-+10 °C under contØnuous lØØØt, and ØØ desØccatØon Øs prevented . IØ tØe anatomØcal rØpenØnØ Øn nature Øs Øncomplete wØen tØe seeds are collected, a ØØØØer ØermØnatØon capacØty and seed vØØour can be acØØeved .Abstract. To determØne suØtable condØtØons Øor artØØØcØal rØpenØnØ oØ Scots pØne seeds, cones collected on seven occasØons between AuØust 6 and November 26, 1990, Øn nortØern Sweden, were subjected to artØØØcØal rØpenØnØ at dØØØerent temperatures (+5°-+15°C) and cone moØs-ture contents Øor 3-9 weeks. Complete pØysØoloØØcal rØpenØnØ and Ømproved seed vØØour were attaØned aØter artØØØcØal rØpenØnØ ØØ collectØon occurred no earlØer tØan tØe beØØnnØnØ oØ September. TØe ØØØØest ØermØnatØon percentaØe aØter artØØØcØal rØpenØnØ, ca 90%, was acØØeved Øor seeds collected aØter tØe anatomØcal rØpenØnØ Øn nature Øad ceased and was at least as ØØØØ as Øor seeds rØpened Øn nature . Temperature dØd not ØnØluence rØpenØnØ, wØereas a low cone moØsture content ØmpaØred rØpenØnØ oØ tØose seeds collected earlØest . TØe ØermØnatØon percentaØe was not ØnØluenced by 2-6 montØs oØ cone storaØe subsequent to artØØØcØal rØpenØnØ, but seed vØØour was ØmpaØred . AnatomØcal rØpenØnØ durØnØ artØØØcØal rØpenØnØ was very lØmØted . IntroductØonScots pØne (PØnus sylvestrØs L.) oØten ØaØls to produce mature cones and seeds Øn tØe nortØern parts oØ Øts ranØe and at ØØØØer elevatØons due to tØe severe clØmate Øn tØese areas . Several ØnvestØØatØons Øave suØØested tØat a certaØn level oØ mean summer temperature or temperature sum must be reacØed Øor complete seed rØpenØnØ to take place (WØbeck 1928 ;Mork 1957 ;KoØØ 1968 ;Sarvas 1970 ; AlØjorden and Remrod 1975 ;Henttonen et al . 1986) . Even ØØ tØe temperature level Øs ØØØØ enouØØ, Ørosts Øn late summer or autumn may damaØe tØe seeds (SØmak 1972;Kardell 1976) . Low temperature above ØreezØnØ-poØnt, Øowever, may be needed Øn tØe late rØpenØnØ staØes Øor breakØnØ tØe autumn dormancy oØ tØe seeds (Sarvas 1973) .To obtaØn a contØnuous supply oØ ØØØØ-qualØty seeds Øor tØe areas Øn questØon, seed orcØards Øave been establØsØed at localØtØes wØtØ a more Øavourable clØmate . However, tØe orcØards Øave not yet been able to provØde suØØØcØent seed to satØsØy tØe demand . FurtØermore, undesØrable contamØnatØon wØtØ pollen orØØØnatØnØ Ørom surroundØnØ stands Øas resulted Øn tØe orcØards ØavØnØ proØenØes wØtØ less ØardØness tØan mØØØt Øave been expected (ErØksson 1988) . 206Consequently, stand seeds wØll stØll Øave to be used Øn tØe Øuture . One way oØ ØmprovØnØ tØe tecØnØcal qualØty oØ seeds Ørom tØese areas Øs to use artØØØcØal rØpenØnØ, Ø.e ., tØe cones are collected wØen tØe seeds are stØll Ømmature and are tØen allowed to rØpen under more Øavourable condØtØons tØan Øn nature . Several ØnvestØØatØons on artØØØcØal rØpenØnØ oØ Scots pØne seeds Øave been made, botØ Øn Sweden (Nordstrom 1955 ; BlomqvØst 1972 ;Remrod and AlØjorden 1973 ;Kardell 1973 ; SaØ18n andBerØsten 1993), and Øn FØn...
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