Leaf shape is one of the most variable plant traits. Previous work has provided much indirect evidence that leaf-shape variation is adaptive and that leaf shape influences thermoregulation, water balance, and resistance to natural enemies. Nevertheless, there is little direct evidence that leaf shape actually affects plant fitness. In this study, we first demonstrate that populations of the ivyleaf morning glory, Ipomoea hederacea, in North and South Carolina are frequently polymorphic at a locus that influences leaf shape. Determining the evolutionary processes responsible for leaf-shape variation is one of the oldest problems in plant evolutionary biology. Biologists have debated the functionality of particular leaf shapes for at least one hundred years (Schimper 1903;Warming 1909). One of the reasons this problem has been of continuing interest is because leaf shape is one of the most variable characteristics of plants, and this variation is manifested at many taxonomic levels. As can be seen from a perusal of almost any flora, related species often have leaves that differ markedly in degree of lobing, edge dissection, length/width ratio, symmetry, or combinations of these characters. Intraspecific geographic variation in leaf shape is also common (e We then employ several field experiments to show that this polymorphism is
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