SummaryDetection of malignancy at early stages is crucial in cancer prevention and management. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy has shown promise as a non-invasive method with diagnostic potential in cancer detection. Studies were conducted with formalin-fixed biopsies of melanoma and cervical cancer by FTIR microspectroscopy (FTIR-MSP) to detect common biomarkers, which occurred in both types of cancer distinguishing them from the respective non-malignant tissues. Both types of cancer are diagnosed on skin surfaces. The spectra were analysed for changes in levels of biomolecules such as RNA, DNA, phosphates and carbohydrate (glycogen). Whereas carbohydrate levels showed a good diagnostic potential for detection of cervical cancer, this was not the case for melanoma. However, variation of the RNA/DNA ratio as measured at I(1121)/ I(1020) showed similar trends between non-malignant and malignant tissues in both types of cancer. The ratio was higher for malignant tissues in both types of cancer.
Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy has shown alterations of spectral characteristics of cells and tissues as a result of carcinogenesis. The research reported here focuses on the diagnosis of cancer in formalin-fixed biopsied tissue for which immunochemistry is not possible and when PAP-smear results are to be confirmed. The data from two groups of patients (a control group and a group of patients diagnosed with cervical cancer) were analyzed. It was found that the glucose/phosphate ratio decreases (by 23-49%) and the RNA/DNA ratio increases (by 38-150%) in carcinogenic compared with normal tissue. Fourier-transform microspectroscopy was used to examine these tissues. This type of study in larger populations may help to set standards or classes with which to use treated biopsied tissue to predict the possibility of cancer. Probabilistic neural networks and statistical tests as parts of these biopsies predict the possibility of cancer with a high degree of accuracy (> 95%).
BackgroundCholelithiasis is the gallstone disease (GSD) where stones are formed in the gallbladder. The main function of the gallbladder is to concentrate bile by the absorption of water and sodium. GSD has high prevalence among elderly adults. There are three major types of gallstones found in patients, White, Black and Brown. The major chemical component of white stones is cholesterol. Black and brown stones contain different proportions of cholesterol and bilirubin. The pathogenesis of gallstones is not clearly understood. Analysis of the chemical composition of gallstones using various spectroscopic techniques offers clues to the pathogenesis of gallstones. Recent years has seen an increasing trend in the number of cases involving children. The focus of this study is on the analysis of the chemical composition of gallstones from child and adult patients using spectroscopic methods.MethodsIn this report, we present FTIR spectroscopic studies and fluorescence microscopic analysis of gallstones obtained from 67 adult and 21 child patients. The gallstones were removed during surgical operations at Soroka University Medical Center.ResultsOur results show that black stones from adults and children are rich in bilirubin. Brown stones are composed of varying amounts of bilirubin and cholesterol. Green stones removed from an adult, which is rare, was found to be composed mainly of cholesterol. Our results also indicated that cholesterol and bilirubin could be the risk factors for gallstone formation in adults and children respectively. Fluorescence micrographs showed that the Ca-bilirubinate was present in all stones in different quantities and however, Cu-bilirubinate was present only in the mixed and black stones.ConclusionsAnalysis based on FTIR suggest that the composition of black and brown stones from both children and adults are similar. Various layers of the brown stone from adults differ by having varying quantities of cholesterol and calcium carbonate. Ring patterns observed mainly in the green stone using fluorescence microscopy have relevance to the mechanism of the stone formation. Our preliminary study suggests that bilirubin and cholesterol are the main risk factors of gallstone disease.
The early diagnosis and proper identification of cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions plays an important role in a good prognosis for the patient. However, the present practice of screening based on PAP (Papanicolaou) smear and histopathology makes it tedious and prone to human errors. We assess the validity of FTIR microspectroscopy (FTIR-MSP) of biopsies as a method to properly assign the correct stage of premalignancy in patients with symptoms of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. For the first time we evaluate the biopsies based on the FTIR spectra for different grades of neoplasia in tandem with probabilistic neural networks (PNNs) and histopathology. The results show that the grading of neoplasia based on FTIR-MSP and a PNN differentiates the normal from premalignant with a high level of accuracy. The false positive identification of the normal as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 1 (CIN1), CIN2, and CIN3 patients is 9.04, 0.01, and 0.01%, respectively. The false negative identification of CIN2 patients as normal and CIN1 patients is 0.01 and 4.4%, respectively. Similarly, the false negative identification of CIN3 patients as normal, CIN1, and CIN2 is 0.14, 6.99, and 9.61%, respectively. The small errors encountered in the grading are comparable to current methods, encouraging advanced studies for the development of mechanized equipment for the diagnosis and grading of premalignant cervical neoplasia.
Molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) droplets were printed using a pipet or a nano fountain pen on surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-active surfaces, to directly monitor the uptake and release of a template molecule, the beta-blocking drug propranolol, by SERS. The monitored SERS bands can be related to the template, allowing for its detection but also identification in the MIP. This is an advantage if the technique is to be used during the development phase of MIPs as microstructures, but equally for the readout of MIP-based biochips.
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