X-ray radiography is currently used in dentistry and can be divided into two categories: two-dimensional (2D) radiographic images (e.g., using periapical film, cephalometric film, and panoramic X-ray) and three-dimensional (3D) radiographic images (e.g., using dental cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT)). Among them, 2D periapical film images are most commonly used. However, 2D periapical film compresses 3D image information into a 2D image, which means that depth cannot be identified from the image. Such compressed images lose a considerable amount of information, reducing their clinical applicability. A 2.5D periapical radiography system prototype was developed by our research team. Our previous study indicated that this prototype could be used to capture images at different depths of an object. However, the prototype was limited by its commercially available intraoral periapical sensor, which had a low temporal resolution and could not capture multiple images in a short period of time. Therefore, the total time required for image capture was too long for practical clinical application. The present study developed a high-frame-rate intraoral periapical sensor with a sensor imaging speed of up to 15 Hz. The primary components of the developed intraoral periapical sensor include a scintillator, complementary metal oxide semiconductor chip, component circuit board, and video processing board. The external dimensions of the sensor are 41×26×6.6 mm3. The performance of the developed high-frame-rate intraoral periapical sensor was verified through qualified and quantified analyses using line pairs. The results showed that the resolution of the developed intraoral periapical sensor could reach 18 lp/mm. The sensor was further installed in our 2.5D periapical radiography system to conduct image capturing. The results indicated that the developed sensor could be used for high-frame-rate imaging to incorporate tomosynthesis to obtain reconstructed slice images of different depths. The developed sensor has the potential for clinical dentistry applications in the future.
This paper discussed the fabrication of cesium iodide (CsI) and nickel (Ni) tubes in the anodic aluminum oxide (AAO, Al2O3) template by dropping-drying, electroless deposition, and anodization processes. The CsI dopes with Tl as scintillator can converts incident X-ray into visible light with very high conversion efficiency of optical photons. The CsI compound is so soft and extremely hygroscopic, it is very difficult to polish to obtain a smooth and optical flat plane. However, the nano-scale flat plane can be achieved when CsI was deposited in AAO template. The ionic compound of CsI can dissolve in water to form I- and Cs+. And, I- and Cs+ can absorb on AAO to form crystalline CsI after removing or drying water. Because CsI has a good wetting adhesion with AAO CsI can easily form nanoparticles and further thin film on AAO wall.
The cesium iodide (CsI) scintillator can converts incident X-ray into visible light with very high conversion efficiency of optical photons. The incident energy, response time, film thickness, sample size, and spatial resolution require in engineering and medical applications are difference. A smooth and flat surface and single crystal structure of CsI enhance the X-ray to visible light conversion. However, the regular CsI is soft and extremely hygroscopic; it is very difficult to polish to obtain a smooth and optical flat plane. In order to obtain a good quality of CsI scintillator for X-ray application we used an ordering channel as template and formed sub-micron CsI wire in the template. The fabrication process including: (1) Ordering structure of nano or sub-micron channels were made by an anodization method; (2) fill CsI scintillated film on the channel by CsI solution, (3) fill CsI melt into the channel formation single crystal of sub-micron crystalline scintillator after solidification. The non-vacuum processes of anodization and solidication methods were used for the sub-micron CsI scintillator column formation that is cost down the scintillator fabrication. In addition, through the fabrication method, the ordering structure scintillator of scintillator can be made by anodic treatment and die casting technology with low cost and rapid production; moreover, the film oxidized metal tubes of the tubular template can be further manufactured to nano tubes by adjusting electrolyte composition, electrolysis voltage, and processing time of anodic treatment, and the aperture size, the thickness and the vessel density of the nano tube can be controlled and ranged from 10 nm to 500 nm, 0.1 μm to 1000 μm, and hundred million to thousand billion tube/cm 2 , respectively.
Anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) is well known for its unique controllable structure and functional contributions in research and developments. However, before AAO can be widely used in the industry, some engineering problems should be overcome. In this study, we designed a novel electrochemical mold, which can resolve the exothermal problem for large-size aluminum sheets during high-voltage anodization process. AAO film with a large sample size of 11 x 11 cm2 in area, 148 μm in thickness and 450 nm in average pore diameter, decorated with ordered-pattern structure, was successfully obtained through a 200 V anodization process. It was noticed that the local heat was generated with increasing the anodizing voltage, resulting in undesired pits and burr defects on the AAO surface. In order to retain AAO’s quality and reduce the producing cost of the anodization process, a mass producing system combining with an overhead conveyor was proposed. The convenient anodization system, novel electrochemical mold and bath may help to fabricate high-quality AAO films efficiently.
Base on the thermodynamic calculation, CsI (s) does not decompose to Cs (s) and I (s) at 600°C, either does not from I2(g), CsO(g), CsO2(g), Cs2O(g), and Cs2O3(g). However during the experiment when CsI(s) is heated above to 200 °C at 1 atm the purple vapor can clearly be obviated. The vapor should be I2(g). It is because the incomplete boing of I- which in the CsI compound is evaporation. In this paper, we are interesting in CsI properties during heating and calculation the Cs-I-O thermodynamic characterizations by the thermodynamic data books.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.