The present paper deals with two main problems associated with the γ⇄ε transformation in an Fe-30Mn-1Si alloy. The first is the shape memory effect ; it has been found that an Fe-30Mn-1Si alloy single crystal exhibits a nearly complete shape memory effect caused by entirely different origin from that adopted for the usual shape memory alloys such as TiNi and Cu based alloys. The second concerns the large hardening produced by the pre-injected ε-martensites. This is in contrast to the relatively small hardening observed in an Fe-18Cr-14Ni alloy single crystal. Characteristic features of the crossing of an ε plate or slip with a pre-injected ε plate have been examined, confirming that the observed large hardening comes from the strong blocking by the pre-injected ε-plate in absence of an additional ε→α transformation
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are subjected to electron-beam-induced etching (EBIE) in oxygen. The EBIE process is observed in situ by environmental transmission electron microscopy. The partial pressure of oxygen (10 and 100 Pa), energy of the primary electrons (80 and 200 keV), and environment of the CNTs (suspended or supported on a silicon nitride membrane) are investigated as factors affecting the etching rate. The EBIE rate of CNTs was markedly promoted by the effects of secondary electrons that were emitted from a silicon nitride membrane under irradiation by primary electrons. Membrane supported CNTs can be cut by EBIE with a spatial accuracy better than 3 nm, and a nanogap of 2 nm can be successfully achieved between the ends of two suspended CNTs.
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