Electron spin resonance measurement of gamma-ray-irradiated propane hydrates shows that the normal propyl radical withdraws hydrogen from the adjacent propane molecule through the hexagonal planes of the hydrate cage without water molecule bridging.
The degradation mechanism of humic acids (HAs) by electrolysis in aqueous solutions of Na 2 SO 4 and/or NaCl was examined within a thermodynamics context using potential-pH diagrams. HA degradation is suggested to proceed at the anode through the formation of highly oxidizing sulfuric and chlorine species such as S 2 O 2À 8 , ClO À 2 , and ClO − . In the presence of both SO 2À 4 and Cl − ions, oxidizing chlorine species were found to form preferentially at the anode partly because of the much lower redox potentials of the Cl − /ClO À 2 and Cl − /ClO − redox couples compared with that of the SO 2À 4 /S 2 O 2À 8 redox couple. The change in absorption spectra with time indicated that the degree of HA degradation by S 2 O 2À 8 ions is higher than that of oxidizing chlorine species, although the degradation rate is much slower. This is attributed to the low formation rate of S 2 O 2À 8 ions. Linear sweep voltammetry also revealed that the formation of the oxidizing chlorine species was fast and comparable to the rate of O 2 generation.
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