Research question. The last decade has seen an increase in empirical research 2 associated with dual careers in sport, with particular focus on understanding and developing 3 individual characteristics which are important to ensure success in sports and education or a 4 vocation. More recent work has, however, also identified the importance of environmental 5 factors in ensuring successful dual career outcomes. The aims of the current study, therefore, 6 are to: (a) identify and classify the different types of dual career development environments 7 (DCDEs) of countries in Europe; and (b) provide outlines of the key features of the environments identified. 9Research methods. To achieve these aims, this study adopted the procedure of initial documentary analysis, interviews with knowledgeable stakeholders, cross case analysis, and expert interviews and researcher discussions across seven countries in Europe (Belgium,
The paper presents the Swedish data on university student-athletes' dual career (DC) competences and coping, from the European project "Gold in Education and Elite Sport" (GEES). A cross-sectional quantitative design was implemented with the objectives to explore: (a) the student-athletes' perceived need to develop DC competences in order to successfully combine sport and study, (b) if the student-athletes experienced and how they coped with specific DC scenarios, and (c) the magnitude of the association between the student-athletes' possession of prioritised DC competences for each scenario and their scenario-specific coping. Seventy-one university student-athletes with a mean age of 25.21 completed the DC competency questionnaires developed within GEES. The student-athletes reported their perception of importance and possession of 38 DC competences (e.g. cope with stress, prioritising), as well as coping with seven DC scenarios (e.g. miss significant days of study), and selected the five most important competences (from the list of 38) to cope with each scenario. The results revealed that the student-athletes: (a) perceived a need to develop more than 70% of the DC competences to successfully combine sport and studies, (b) had experienced and coped average-to-good with the DC scenarios, and (c) possession of the top five prioritised competences was moderately-to-strongly related to their coping in three scenarios. The study extends understanding of Swedish university student-athletes' DC competences and has contributed to the development of Swedish National Guidelines for elite athletes' dual careers (2018).
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