Controlled surface oxidation of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is essential for permanent adhesion between device components composed of this elastomer. The permanent adhesion between such microdevice components results from covalent crosslinking across the interfaces between PDMS and other silica-based materials, such as glass, quartz, and PDMS. Optimal duration and conditions of oxidation, attained via treatments with oxygen-containing plasma, are crucial for microfabrication procedures with quantitative yields. While insufficient PDMS oxidation does not provide high enough surface density of siloxyl groups for cross-interface linking, overoxidation of PDMS yields rough silica surface layers that prevent the adhesion between flat substrates. Ideally, for a set of plasma conditions, the range of treatment durations producing permanent adhesion should be as broad as possible: i.e., the surface oxidation of PDMS sufficient for irreversible binding has to complete significantly before the effects of overoxidation become apparent. Such a requirement assures that relatively small fluctuations in the treatment conditions will not result in over-or under-oxidation and, hence, will not compromise the yields of the fabrication procedures. We examined the dependence of the quality of adhesion (QA) between plasma-treated PDMS and glass substrates on the composition of the oxygen-containing plasma and on the radio frequency (RF) of the plasma generator. We observed that plasma generated at megahertz RF provided superior conditions than kilohertz RF. Concurrently, an increase in the oxygen content of binary gas mixtures, used for the plasma, broadened the treatment durations that afford superior QA.

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Long Beach Water Department (LBWD) joined AWWA's Partnership for Safe Water Distribution System Optimization program in 2010 with a commitment to optimize its distribution system. A multidepartment team has since collected performance data and conducted a self‐assessment program; collaborated and adopted guidance from the Partnership's optimization program, including support from Partnership committee members; and achieved profound, positive operational changes.