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IMPORTANCE Variability in response to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatment in diabetic macular edema (DME) remains a significant clinical challenge. Biomarkers could help anticipate responses to anti-VEGF therapy.OBJECTIVES To investigate aqueous humor cytokine level changes in response to intravitreal ranibizumab therapy for the management of DME, and to determine the association between baseline aqueous levels and anatomic response. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTSIn this prospective multicenter cohort study, 49 participants with diabetes mellitus complicated by center-involving DME, with a central subfield thickness of 310 μm or greater on spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), were recruited from December 22, 2011, to June 13, 2013 and statistical analysis were performed from March 1, 2017, to June 1, 2017. A total of 48 participants proceeded to follow-up.INTERVENTIONS Participants received monthly injections of ranibizumab, 0.5 mg, for 3 months. Aqueous fluid for cytokine analysis was obtained at baseline and repeated at the 2-month visit. Multiplex immunoassay was carried out in duplicate for VEGF, placental growth factor, transforming growth factor beta 2, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-8, IL-10, vascular intercellular adhesion molecule, and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURESBaseline and 2-month change in aqueous cytokine levels, 3-month change in SD-OCT central subfield thickness and macular volume (MV), and the statistical association between baseline aqueous cytokine levels and these measures of anatomic response to ranibizumab in center-involving DME. RESULTS Among the 48 participants, the mean (SD) age was 61.9 (7.1) years and 36 participants (75.0%) were men. The following cytokines were lower at month 2 vs baseline: ICAM-1 (median change, −190.88; interquartile range [IQR], −634.20 to −26.54; P < .001), VEGF (median change, −639.45; IQR, −1040.61 to −502.61; P < .001), placental growth factor (median change, −1.31; IQR, −5.99 to −0.01; P < .001), IL-6 (median change, −38.61; IQR, −166.72 to −2.80; P < .001), and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (median change, −90.13; IQR, −382.74 to 109.47; P = .01). When controlling for age, foveal avascular zone size, and severity of retinopathy, multiple linear regression determined that increasing baseline aqueous ICAM-1 was associated with a favorable anatomic response, in terms of reduced SD-OCT MV at 3 months (every additional 100 pg/mL of baseline ICAM-1 was associated with a reduction of 0.0379 mm 3 ; P = .01). Conversely, increasing baseline aqueous VEGF was associated with a less favorable SD-OCT MV response at 3 months (every additional 100 pg/mL of baseline VEGF was associated with an increase of 0.0731 mm 3 ; P = .02) and was associated with lower odds of being a central subfield thickness responder (odds ratio, 0.868; 95% CI, 0.755-0.998).CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Elevated aqueous ICAM-1 and reduced VEGF levels at baseline are associated with a f...

Aqueous intercellular adhesion molecule-1 correlates with disease severity as measured by macular volume on spectral domain optical coherence tomography, and IL-10 is associated with BCVA. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 may be a clinically useful biomarker for diabetic macular edema severity.