This study explored use of urine cytology as an early first-line approach in the laboratory diagnosis of dysplasia associated with urinary tract infection. Fifty (50) patients attending the obstetrics and gynaecology clinic at Madonna University Teaching Hospital and 50 apparently healthy subjects were recruited for the study. Urine samples were cultured and analyzed using the dipstick and Giemsa methods. The result of this study revealed significant higher number of nitrite positive samples, bacteria and pus cells when female test subjects were compared with apparently healthy female subjects (p<0.05). The frequency of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus faecalis and C. albicans identified is 50.6, 27.3, 10.4 and 9.1 %, respectively while other isolated Coliforms amounted to 2.6%. Microscopy revealed marked cytolyses, desquamation and abnormal nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio. S. aureus and E. coli induced higher exfoliation and morphological change (72.7%) compared to other isolates. In conclusion, this study suggests that chronic bacterial infection could lead to accelerated desquamation of cells and urothelial carcinoma. More so, it revealed that females are at a higher risk of developing epithelial neoplasia following UTI when compared to the males. Thus, urine smears could be used as first line approach in the early diagnosis of urothelial malignancy.
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