Aim
To determine the prevalence and risk factors of ear disease in Turner syndrome (TS), propose an algorithm for future surveillance and recommend preventative strategies.
Methods
Review of TS patients seen in the West of Scotland between 1989 and 2015, with questionnaire follow‐up in 2015.
Results
Of 168 girls, median age 27.3 (3.8‐47.2) years, ear problems occurred more frequently with 45,X and 45,X/46,XiXq than other karyotypes: 71/103 (69%) versus 23/65 (35%). Recurrent acute otitis media (AOM) first developed at 0‐5 years in 23 (40%) girls, persisting in 16 (10%) at 5‐10 years; and first developing at 5‐10 years in 11 (7%). Persistent otitis media with effusion (OME) first developed at 0‐5 and 5‐10 years in 23 (40%) and 14 (8%) girls. Recurrent AOM was significantly linked with cholesteatoma in 8 (4.9%) girls (7 aged >10 years). Permanent hearing loss was documented in 28 girls (16.7%), with 16 (9.5%) receiving hearing aids (bone‐anchored in 3).
Conclusion
Acute otitis media and OME occur commonly in preschool TS girls and may persist or newly develop in later childhood. Recurrent AOM predisposes to cholesteatoma. Strategies to reduce otological morbidity include: intensive patient education, annual audiology, vaccinations and a randomised trial of antibiotic prophylaxis in high‐risk groups.
Results: The IC50s of curcumin, CF1, and CF2 in the 351GFP G1 cell line are 7.38microM, 0.33microM, and 0.1microM, respectively. Curcumin analogues were 20-80 times more potent than curcumin. Western Blot analysis showed that curcumin analogues blocked expression of IL8, MMP7, COX2, and EGFR. The analogues also showed several fold greater inhibition of these genes compared to curcumin in the HNC cell lines.Conclusions: Both curcumin analogues show greater antiproliferative effect than curcumin, inhibiting cell proliferation and expression of genes involved in HNC growth and metastasis. Because of their increased activity, curcumin analogues may be of potential benefit in future HNC therapies.
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