This paper describes a prototype of an intelligent Stress Monitoring Assistant (SMA), -the next generation of stress detectors. The SMA is intended for the first responders and professionals coping with exposure to extreme physical and psychological stressors, e.g. firefighters, combat military personnel, explosive ordnance disposal operatives, law enforcement officers, emergency medical technicians, and paramedics. Stress impacts human behavior and decision-making, which can be propagated between the team members. The SMA is an integral part of the Decision Support System, it is a component of the decision support perception-action cycle. We model this cycle as a cognitive dynamic system. The intelligent part of the SMA is designed using a) a residual-temporal convolution network for learning data from sensors and detection of stress features, and b) a reasoning mechanism based on a causal network for fusion at various levels. The SMA prototype has been tested using a multi-factor physiological dataset WEarable Stress and Affect Detection (WESAD). In both modes, the stress recognition and stress detection, the SMA achieves an accuracy of 86% and 98% for the WESAD dataset, respectively. This performance is superior to the known results in satisfying the requirements of reliable decision support.
Biometrics and biometric-enabled decision support systems (DSS) have become a mandatory part of complex dynamic systems such as security checkpoints, personal health monitoring systems, autonomous robots, and epidemiological surveillance. Risk, trust, and bias (R-T-B) are emerging measures of performance of such systems. The existing studies on the R-T-B impact on system performance mostly ignore the complementary nature of R-T-B and their causal relationships, for instance, risk of trust, risk of bias, and risk of trust over biases. This paper offers a complete taxonomy of the R-T-B causal performance regulators for the biometric-enabled DSS. The proposed novel taxonomy links the R-T-B assessment to the causal inference mechanism for reasoning in decision making. Practical details of the R-T-B assessment in the DSS are demonstrated using the experiments of assessing the trust in synthetic biometric and the risk of bias in face biometrics. The paper also outlines the emerging applications of the proposed approach beyond biometrics, including decision support for epidemiological surveillance such as for COVID-19 pandemics.
For Entry-Exit technologies, such as US VISIT and Smart Borders (e-borders), a watchlist normally contains highquality biometric traits and is checked only against visitors. The situation can change drastically if low-quality images are added into the watchlist. Motivated by this fact, we introduce a systematic approach to assessing the risk of travellers using a biometric-enabled watchlist where some latency of the biometric traits is allowed. The main results presented herein include: (1) a taxonomical view of the watchlist technology, and (2) a novel risk assessment technique. For modelling the watchlist landscape, we propose a risk categorisation using the Doddington metric. We evaluate via experimental study on large-scale facial and fingerprint databases, the risks of impersonation and mis-identification in various screening scenarios. Other contributions include a study of approaches to designing a biometric-enabled watchlist for e-borders: a) risk control and b) improving performance of the e-border via integrating the interview supporting machines.
Conversion of a visible face image into a thermal face image (V2T), or one thermal face image into another one given a different target temperature (T2T), is required in applications such as thermography, human body thermal pattern analysis, and surveillance using cross-spectral imaging. In this work, we propose to use conditional generative adversarial networks (cGAN) with cGAN loss, perceptual loss, and temperature loss to solve the conversion tasks. In our experiment, we used Carl and SpeakingFaces Databases. Frèchet Inception Distance (FID) is used to evaluate the generated images. As well, face recognition was applied to assess the performance of our models. For the V2T task, the FID of the generated thermal images reached a low value of 57.3. For the T2T task, we achieved a rank-1 face recognition rate of 91.0% which indicates that the generated thermal images preserve the majority of the identity information.INDEX TERMS Generative adversarial networks, image-to-image translation, thermal pattern generation, face recognition, biometrics.
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