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The PSQI demonstrated moderate convergent validity compared to measures of insomnia and fatigue and good divergent validity with measures of daytime sleepiness, circadian phase preference, and alcohol and marijuana use. The PSQI demonstrated considerable overlap with depression, anxiety, and perceived stress. Therefore, caution should be used with interpretation.

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White adipocytes in adults are typically derived from tissue resident mesenchymal progenitors. The recent identification of de novo production of adipocytes from bone marrow progenitor-derived cells in mice challenges this paradigm and indicates an alternative lineage specification that adipocytes exist. We hypothesized that alternative lineage specification of white adipocytes is also present in human adipose tissue. Bone marrow from transgenic mice in which luciferase expression is governed by the adipocyte-restricted adiponectin gene promoter was adoptively transferred to wild-type recipient mice. Light emission was quantitated in recipients by in vivo imaging and direct enzyme assay. Adipocytes were also obtained from human recipients of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. DNA was isolated, and microsatellite polymorphisms were exploited to quantify donor/recipient chimerism. Luciferase emission was detected from major fat depots of transplanted mice. No light emission was observed from intestines, liver, or lungs. Up to 35% of adipocytes in humans were generated from donor marrow cells in the absence of cell fusion. Nontransplanted mice and stromal-vascular fraction samples were used as negative and positive controls for the mouse and human experiments, respectively. This study provides evidence for a nontissue resident origin of an adipocyte subpopulation in both mice and

Four metrics related to vehicle duty cycle are derived from the energy equation of vehicle motion. Three key application areas are introduced. The first is the ability to quantify the sameness between vehicle duty cycles and the ability to asses a duty cycle's suitability for hybrid vehicle usage. The second area of application allows for the estimation of fuel consumption for a given vehicle over a target duty cycle. The third area of application allows us to predict how non-propulsion fuel use will affect energy use. The paper ends with real-world examples involving actual heavy-duty hybrids.

Healthy young adult college students (N = 133) with Insomnia (n = 65) or No Insomnia (n = 68) were compared on influenza serum antibody levels pre- and four weeks postvaccination. Volunteers underwent structured clinical interviews for sleep disorders to ensure insomnia diagnoses, as well as psychiatric interviews, physical examinations, and drug testing to ensure comorbid health problems were not potential confounds. There were significant time (both groups had increases in antibody levels pre- to postvaccination) and group (Insomnia group had lower HI antibody levels overall) main effects, but the time x group interaction was nonsignificant. Exploratory analyses did find significant PSQI x Time (p < .001) and Insomnia Status x Time (p = .002) interaction effects. Results indicate insomnia may be a risk factor for lowered immunity to the influenza virus.

In a typical power electronics package, a grease layer forms the interface between the direct bond copper (DBC) layer or a baseplate and the heat sink. This grease layer has the highest thermal resistance of any layer in the package. Reducing the thermal resistance of this thermal interface material (TIM) can help achieve the FreedomCAR partnership goals of using a glycol water mixture at 105°C or even air cooling. It is desirable to keep the maximum temperature of the conventional silicon die below 125°C, trench insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) below 150°C, and silicon carbidebased devices below 200°C. Using improved thermal interface materials enables the realization of these goals and the dissipation of high heat fluxes. The ability to dissipate high heat fluxes in turn enables a reduction in die size, cost, weight, and volume. This paper describes our progress in characterizing the thermal performance of some conventional and novel thermal interface materials. We acquired, modified, and improved an apparatus based on the ASTM D5470 test method and measured the thermal resistance of various conventional greases. We also measured the performance of select phase-change materials and thermoplastics through the ASTM steady-state and the transient laser flash approaches, and compared the two methodologies. These experimental results for thermal resistance are cast in the context of automotive power electronics cooling. Results from numerical finite element modeling indicate that the thermal resistance of the TIM layer has a dramatic effect on the maximum temperature in the IGBT package.

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