American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc. This paper was prepared for the 46th Annual Fall Meeting of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, held in New Orleans, Oct. 3–6, 1971. Permission to copy is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words. Illustrations may not be copied. The abstract should contain conspicuous acknowledgment of where and by whom the paper is presented. Publication elsewhere after publication in the JOURNAL OF presented. Publication elsewhere after publication in the JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY or the SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL is PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY or the SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL is usually granted upon request to the Editor of the appropriate journal, provided agreement to give proper credit is made. provided agreement to give proper credit is made. Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the Society of Petroleum Engineers office. Such discussion may be presented at the above meeting and, with the paper, may be considered for publication in one of the two SPE magazines. Abstract This paper presents a simple, practical and accurate method of selecting jet bit nozzle sizes. Rather than calculating friction losses in the drilling system, a measure of total friction loss is taken from the standpipe and a graphical solution of pressure loss across the bit is subtracted from the standpipe reading, resulting in the actual measurement of system pressure losses. Drilling hydraulics are based pressure losses. Drilling hydraulics are based on maximum bit horsepower, hydraulic impact, or jet velocity and are all dependent on a predetermined friction loss in the system. predetermined friction loss in the system. This method may be used to maximize any one of the three. Because mud properties and hole conditions change, nozzle size selection is made from data obtained prior to pulling a dull bit out of the hole. A work graph is presented, and typical field data are used in working example problems. Introduction The subject of rotary drilling hydraulics has received a great deal of attention in the literature. Excellent papers have been written by Bobo, Kendall and Goins, and Kelly. Recent trends have been to maximize bit hydraulic impact. Examples will be worked in this paper which will maximize hydraulic impact and bit horsepower. The derivation of the maximum horsepower, impact force, and jet velocity equations are presented in an excellent paper by Kendall and presented in an excellent paper by Kendall and Goins. Conditions that are necessary for maximizing any of these three parameters are listed without derivations in Table 1. Graphs are presented for obtaining circulation rates for various pump liners, stroke length, and strokes Graphs 1A and 1B). A nomograph of annular velocities-vs-circulation rates for various hole and drillpipe size combinations is presented (Graph 2). The method for constructing the work graph from which nozzle sizes are selected is presented. Field examples are solved in the discussion. Discussion The coordinate system upon which the work graph is constructed is log-log. The left-hand section of the work graph is used to calculate the bit pressure loss. The right-hand section of the work graph provides a scale for plotting system pressure loss as a function of circulation rate.
Introduction/Objective Ampullary cancer (AC) are rare and represents only 6% of the malignant periampullary tumors. Two main histologic subtypes of AC are pancreatobiliary (Pb-AC), and intestinal (In-AC). The data on the influencing role of several characteristics associated with AC subtypes on long term outcome is still emerging. Our study aimed to analyze the two subtypes Pb-AC and In-AC regarding their primary tumor site, median overall survival, and associated precursor lesion. Methods/Case Report Using the cBioPortal platform and systematic bioinformatical analysis of the Cancer Genome Atlas Baylor College of Medicine Cell Reports, 2016, 133 AC patients were included and analyzed based on their morphology subtype. Of which 62 patients had the intestinal subtype, and 71 had the pancreaticobiliary morphological subtype. Results (if a Case Study enter NA) The role of primary tumor site was statistically significant (p-value = 0.01) among subtypes Pb-AC and In-AC (See Figure). Remarkably, the primary tumor site most associated with the pancreaticobiliary subtype was the distal bile duct, and the intestinal subtype was intra-ampullary. Additionally, the precursor lesion identification (absent vs present) was statistically significant among the subtypes (p-value = 0.01). Further, the median overall survival in ampullary carcinoma varied among the morphology of the two subtypes: In-AC (75.56 months, (95% CI: 57.04-NA)) and Pb-AC (27.04 months, (95% CI: 18.29-NA)). Conclusion The findings in this study highlight the complex multifactorial role of the two morphological subtypes in AC. Further studies are essential for understanding the underlying tumor site specific molecular signatures leading to subtyping and their impact on prognosis.
Introduction/Objective Primary Pancreatic signet-ring cell carcinoma (PPSRCC) is an extremely rare histologic variant with sparse literature. Herein, we describe a case of PPSRCC in a 75-year-old female with positive family history of pancreatic cancer (47y/o brother). The diagnosis was delayed secondary to diagnostic challenges on initial fine-needle aspiration (FNA). Methods/Case Report Diagnosing PPSRCC on FNA can be extremely difficult. Primary, and metastatic neoplasms to the pancreas may exhibit cytomorphological similarities to signet-ring cells, posing diagnostic challenges. Further, sampling of abundant background inflammatory cells during a biopsy can result in incorrect diagnosis of pancreatitis. Given the strong clinical suspicion based on imaging findings, a second FNA was performed which showed few atypical cells suspicious for carcinoma. Subsequently, the patient underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy and Whipple resection. The tumor morphology is characterized by infiltrating cells with large mucin vacuoles and peripheric nucleus comprising > 50% of the mass lesion with perineural invasion, in a background of chronic inflammation and pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia, grade III. A diagnosis of PPSRCC was rendered. Notably, lymph nodes (LN) showed no evidence of metastasis. Results (if a Case Study enter NA) NA. Conclusion Based on limited literature, PPSRCC is considered an aggressive malignancy with low survival rate, because of a high rate of metastasis. However, our case was rather unique given the lack of LN metastasis and the neodjuvant treatment strategy. As of February 2022, <10 cases have been reported with ill-defined characteristics and treatment guidelines.
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