1. A modified heart rate (HR) method for predicting total energy expenditure (TEE) was cross-validated against whole-body calorimetry (CAL). Minute-by-minute HR was converted to energy expenditure (EE) using individual calibration curves when HR exceeded a pre-determined 'FLEX' value designed to discriminate periods of activity. ('FLEX' HR was defined as the mean of the highest HR during rest and the lowest HR during the lightest imposed exercise.) Sedentary EE (below FLEX) was calculated as the mean EE during lying down, sitting and standing at rest. Sleeping EE was calculated as basal metabolic rate (BMR) predicted from standard equations. 2. Calibration curves of oxygen consumption v. HR for different postures at rest and during exercise were obtained for twenty healthy subjects (eleven male, nine female); mean r 0.941 (SD 0.04). The mean FLEX HR for men and women were 86 (SD 10) and 96 (SD 6) beats/min respectively. 3. Simultaneous measurements of HR and EE were made during 21 h continuous CAL, which included 4 x 30 min imposed exercise (cycling, rowing, stepping, jogging). HR exceeded FLEX for a mean of 98 (SD 41) min. Mean TEE by CAL (TEE.CAL) was 8063 (SD 1445) kJ. 4. The HR method yielded a mean non-significant underestimate in TEE (TEE.HR) of 1.2 (SD 6.2)% (range -11.4 to +10.6%). Regression of TEE.HR (Y) v. TEE.CAL (X) yielded Y = 0.868 X + 927 kJ, r 0.943, SE of the estimate 458 kJ, n 20. 5. The satisfactory predictive power and low cost of the method makes it suitable for many field and epidemiological applications.
The Ca and P intakes of 148 pregnant and lactating women in a rural village in The Gambia, West Africa, have been estimated by direct weighing of food on a total of 4188 d. The Ca and P contents of local foods were determined by analysis of raw ingredients, snack foods and prepared dishes. Information about the contribution of mineral-rich seasonings was obtained. Efforts were made to discover unusual sources of Ca that might not be perceived as food by subject or observer. The main contributors to daily Ca intake were shown to be leaves, fish, cereals, groundnuts and local salt. Cow's milk accounted for only 5 ' YO of Ca intake. Unusual sources of Ca were discovered, namely baobab (Adunsonia digitata) fruit and selected earths, but these were consumed infrequently and their contributions to Ca intakes were small. Cereals and groundnuts were the main sources of P. Ca and P intakes (mg/d) were shown to average 404 (SD 110) and 887 (SD 219) respectively. Seasonal changes in the availability of leaves, cereals and groundnuts resulted in variations in Ca and P intakes. The rainy season was associated with increased Ca intakes (by 16%) but decreased P consumption (by 15%). No difference was observed in Ca intake between pregnant and lactating women but P intake in lactation was 11 YO higher than that in pregnancy during the post-harvest season. The implications of these low Ca intakes require investigation.
The effect of maternal diet restriction on the subsequent development of four adipose tissue depots has been studied in the guinea pig. Fetuses taken from, and pups born to, pregnant sows fed ad libitum (AL) displayed an increase in fat pad mass and in fat cell mass with increasing body mass at the four selected depots (interscapular (IS), retroperitoneal (RP), groin side subcutaneous (GS) and behind arm subcutaneous (BA)). The effect of maternal diet restriction (50% AL rations during the second half of pregnancy) was to significantly reduce the body masses at birth of the pups. The masses of the BA and GS fat pads and the mass of fat cells in the depots were reduced accordingly. However, the fat depot masses and fat cell masses of the IS and RP fat pads were larger than those of pups of comparable body mass born to AL fed sows. Diet restriction during the second half of pregnancy exerted preferential ‘sparing’ effects on the ‘thermogenic’ adipose tissue depots (IS and RP) suggesting the possibility that ‘thermogenic’ adipose tissue is more likely to be ‘programmed’ earlier in pregnancy than ‘storage adipose tissue’ (BA and GS).
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.