This experiment investigated three newly classified note-taking functions: encoding (take notes/ no review), encoding plus storage (take notes/review notes) and external storage (absent self from lecture/review borrowed notes), relative to three note-taking techniques (conventional, linear, matrix). Results pertaining to note-taking functions indicated that encoding plus storage was superior to encoding and to external storage for recall performance, and superior to encoding for synthesis performance. External storage was also superior to encoding for synthesis performance. Results pertaining to note-taking techniques indicated that matrix notes produced greater recall than conventional notes. Results were explained by variables relating to repetition, generative processing, the completeness of notes, and the potential of note-taking techniques to facilitate internal connections.
Most research on graphic organizers (i.e., figural organizations of text information) has failed to simulate actual classroom learning. Typically, studies have used short, poorly organized text, single graphic organizers, and immediate tests measuring only factual knowledge. Also, there is no convincing evidence that graphic organizers are better than outlines. Two experiments were conducted that represented attempts to address these problems in answering the question, "What types of text information do graphic organizers and outlines help college students learn?" Results revealed that when given enough time, students studying graphic organizers learned more hierarchical and coordinate relations, and as a result, they were more successful in applying that knowledge and in writing integrated essays than students studying outlines or text alone. These findings are discussed in terms of efficient indexing through visual argument.
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