Antifreeze molecules allow organisms to survive in subzero environments. Antifreeze glycoproteins (AFGPs), produced by polar fish, are the most potent inhibitors of ice recrystallization. To date, the molecular mechanism by which AFGPs bind to ice has not yet been elucidated. Mutation experiments cannot resolve whether the binding occurs through the peptide, the saccharides, or both. Here, we use molecular simulations to determine the mechanism and driving forces for binding of AFGP8 to ice, its selectivity for the primary prismatic plane, and the molecular origin of its exceptional ice recrystallization activity. Consistent with experiments, AFGP8 in simulations preferentially adopts the PPII helix secondary structure in solution. We show that the segregation of hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups in the PPII helix is vital for ice binding. Binding occurs through adsorption of methyl groups of the peptide and disaccharides to ice, driven by the entropy of dehydration of the hydrophobic groups as they nest in the cavities at the ice surface. The selectivity to the primary prismatic plane originates in the deeper cavities it has compared to the basal plane. We estimate the free energy of binding of AFGP8 and the longer AFGPs4-6, and find them to be consistent with the reversible binding demonstrated in experiments. The simulations reveal that AFGP8 binds to ice through a myriad of conformations that it uses to diffuse through the ice surface and find ice steps, to which it strongly adsorbs. We interpret that the existence of multiple, weak binding sites is the key for the exceptional ice recrystallization inhibition activity of AFGPs.

Liquid methanol shows one- and two-dimensional (1D/2D) hydrogen bond (HB) networks, and liquid water shows three-dimensional (3D) HB networks. We have clearly found three different local structures around the methyl group of methanol-water binary solutions (CH3OH)X(H2O)1-X at different concentrations in C K-edge soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). With the help of molecular dynamics simulations, we have discussed the concentration dependence of the hydrophobic interaction at the methyl group in the C K-edge XAS spectra. In the methanol-rich region I (1.0 > X > 0.7), a small amount of water molecules exists separately around dominant 1D/2D HB networks of methanol clusters. In the region II (0.7 > X > 0.3), the hydrophobic interaction of the methyl group is dominant due to the increase of mixed methanol-water 3D network structures. In the water-rich region III (0.3 > X > 0.05), methanol molecules are separately embedded in dominant 3D HB networks of water. On the other hand, the pre-edge feature in the O K-edge XAS shows almost linear concentration dependence. It means the HB interaction between methanol and water is almost the same as that of water-water and of methanol-methanol.

Nanoconfined liquid water can transform into low-dimensional ices whose crystalline structures are dissimilar to any bulk ices and whose melting point may significantly rise with reducing the pore size, as revealed by computer simulation and confirmed by experiment. One of the intriguing, and as yet unresolved, questions concerns the observation that the liquid water may transform into a low-dimensional ice either via a first-order phase change or without any discontinuity in thermodynamic and dynamic properties, which suggests the existence of solid−liquid critical points in this class of nanoconfined systems. Here we explore the phase behavior of a model of water in carbon nanotubes in the temperature−pressure− diameter space by molecular dynamics simulation and provide unambiguous evidence to support solid−liquid critical phenomena of nanoconfined water. Solid−liquid first-order phase boundaries are determined by tracing spontaneous phase separation at various temperatures. All of the boundaries eventually cease to exist at the critical points and there appear loci of response function maxima, or the Widom lines, extending to the supercritical region. The finite-size scaling analysis of the density distribution supports the presence of both first-order and continuous phase changes between solid and liquid. At around the Widom line, there are microscopic domains of two phases, and continuous solid−liquid phase changes occur in such a way that the domains of one phase grow and those of the other evanesce as the thermodynamic state departs from the Widom line.T he possibility of the solid-liquid critical point has been reported by computer simulation studies of various systems in quasi-one, quasi-two, and three dimensions that exhibit both continuous and discontinuous changes in thermodynamic functions and other order parameters (1-7). However, the idea that a solid-liquid phase boundary never terminates at the critical point is still commonly accepted as a law of nature, largely because of the famous symmetry argument (8, 9) together with the lack of experimental observations. Furthermore, critical phenomena in quasi-1D systems are often considered impossible from a different point of view; that is, to begin with, there is no first-order phase transition in 1D systems as proved for solvable models (10) or shown by the phenomenological argument (9). Therefore, a thorough investigation is much needed to support or reject the possibility of the solid-liquid critical point. We examine the phase behavior of a model system of water confined in a quasi-1D nanopore (1,(11)(12)(13)(14)(15) and provide evidence to support the existence of first-order phase transitions and solid-liquid critical points. Results and DiscussionsFirst, we explore possible solid-liquid critical points of the confined water by calculating isotherms in the "pressure-volume" plane, where the pressure is actually P zz , a component of pressure tensor along the tube axis, or simply the axial pressure, and the volume is ℓ z , the length of simulatio...

On being heated, ice melts into liquid water. Although in practice this process tends to be heterogeneous, it can occur homogeneously inside bulk ice. The thermally induced homogeneous melting of solids is fairly well understood, and involves the formation and growth of melting nuclei. But in the case of water, resilient hydrogen bonds render ice melting more complex. We know that the first defects appearing during homogeneous ice melting are pairs of five- and seven-membered rings, which appear and disappear repeatedly and randomly in space and time in the crystalline ice structure. However, the accumulation of these defects to form an aggregate is nearly additive in energy, and results in a steep free energy increase that suppresses further growth. Here we report molecular dynamics simulations of homogeneous ice melting that identify as a crucial first step not the formation but rather the spatial separation of a defect pair. We find that once it is separated, the defect pair--either an interstitial (I) and a vacancy (V) defect pair (a Frenkel pair), or an L and a D defect pair (a Bjerrum pair)--is entropically stabilized, or 'entangled'. In this state, defects with threefold hydrogen-bond coordination persist and grow, and thereby prepare the system for subsequent rapid melting.

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Context. Photoelectric heating is a dominant heating mechanism for many phases of the interstellar medium. We study this mechanism throughout the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC).Aims. We aim to quantify the importance of the [C ii] cooling line and the photoelectric heating process of various environments in the LMC and to investigate which parameters control the extent of photoelectric heating.Methods. We use the BICE [C ii] map and the Spitzer/SAGE infrared maps. We examine the spatial variations in the efficiency of photoelectric heating: photoelectric heating rate over power absorbed by grains, i.e. the observed [C ii] line strength over the integrated infrared emission. We correlate the photoelectric heating efficiency and the emission from various dust constituents and study the variations as a function of Hα emission, dust temperatures, and the total infrared luminosity. The observed variations are interpreted in a theoretical framework. From this we estimate radiation field, gas temperature, and electron density. Results. We find systematic variations in photoelectric efficiency. The highest efficiencies are found in the diffuse medium, while the lowest coincide with bright star-forming regions (∼1.4 times lower). The [C ii] line emission constitutes 1.32% of the far infrared luminosity across the whole of the LMC. We find correlations between the [C ii] emission and ratios of the mid infrared and far infrared bands, which comprise various dust constituents. The correlations are interpreted in light of the spatial variations of the dust abundance and by the local environmental conditions that affect the dust emission properties. As a function of the total infrared surface brightness, S TIR , the [C ii] surface brightness can be described as:We provide a simple model of the photoelectric efficiency as a function of the total infrared luminosity. We find a power-law relation between radiation field and electron density, consistent with other studies. The [C ii] emission is well-correlated with the 8 μm emission, suggesting that the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons play a dominant role in the photoelectric heating process.

Atmospheric aerosols nucleate ice in clouds, strongly impacting precipitation and climate. The prevailing consensus is that ice nucleation is promoted heterogeneously by the surface of ice nucleating particles in the aerosols. However, recent experiments indicate that water-soluble molecules, such as polysaccharides of pollen and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), increase the ice freezing temperature. This poses the question of how do flexible soluble molecules promote the formation of water crystals, as they do not expose a well-defined surface to ice. Here we use molecular simulations to demonstrate that PVA promotes ice nucleation through a homogeneous mechanism: PVA increases the nucleation rate by destabilizing water in the solution. This work demonstrates a novel paradigm for understanding ice nucleation by soluble molecules and provides a new handle to design additives that promote crystallization.

We present results of our survey observations of the [C II] 158 µm line emission from the Galactic plane using the Balloon-borne Infrared Carbon Explorer (BICE). Our survey covers a wide area (350 • ∼ < l ∼ < 25 • , |b| ∼ < 3 • ) with a spatial resolution of 15 ′ . We employed a new observing method called the "fast spectral scanning" to make large-scale observations efficiently.Strong [C II] line emission was detected from almost all areas we observed. In the general Galactic plane, the spatial distribution of the [C II] line emission correlates very well with that of far-infrared continuum emission, but diffuse components are more prominent in the [C II] line emission; the I [CII] /I FIR ratio is ∼ 0.6 % for diffuse components but is ∼ 0.2 % for compact sources such as active star-forming regions. In the Galactic center region, on the other hand, the distribution of the [C II] line emission is quite different from that of the far-infrared continuum emission, and the I [CII] /I FIR ratio is systematically lower there.The FWHM velocity resolution of our instrument is 175 km s −1 , but we determined the central velocity of the line at each observed point very precisely with statistical