High-speed holographic microscopy is applied to take three successive photographs of fast propagating cracks at the moment of bifurcation. The cracks are propagated in PMMA plate specimens at a speed about 660 m/s. From the photographs, crack opening displacement (COD) is measured along the cracks as a function of distance r from the crack tips. The measurement results show that the CODs are proportional to √ r before bifurcation. After bifurcation, the CODs of mother cracks are proportional to √ r, however, the CODs of branch cracks are not always proportional to √ r. Crack speed is also measured from the photographs. As a result, discontinuous change of crack speed is not observed at the moment of bifurcation. The energy release rate and energy flux toward crack tips are obtained from the COD data, and are found to be continuous across the bifurcation point. The energy release rate and energy flux increase gradually across the bifurcation point.
To examine the substitution characteristics during official matches and the physical match performances of Japanese top-level futsal players in different categories and playing positions. Overall, 79 adult (age: 28.4 ± 4.6 years) and 59 youth (age: 17.1 ± 0.7 years) futsal players were classified into three groups based on the playing position (Pivot, Winger, and Defender). Physical match performance was assessed using active profiles from the semi-automatic tracking system. Speed and total distance covered were analysed for the in-play time. The in-play time was categorized based on the teams’ ball possession status. The average total playing time per substitution was significantly higher in the youth (6.2 ± 2.1 min) than in the adult players (3.8 ± 1.1 min; p < 0.05). Furthermore, the proportion of high intensity exercise during matches was significantly higher in adults (43.2 ± 5.2%) than in youth players (37.2 ± 5.4%; p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the average total distance covered between different playing positions. However, the average total distance covered with ball possession by Pivot (140 ± 15 m/min) was significantly lower than that by Winger (151 ± 15 m/min; p < 0.05) in adult players. Furthermore, the proportion of high intensity exercise without ball possession as Defender (36.7 ± 6.1%) was lower than that as Winger (41.9 ± 6.1%; p < 0.05) in adults but not in the youth players. Adult futsal players have higher physiological demands than youth players. The physical match performances vary between playing positions with or without ball possession. These results could be useful for youth development and position-specific training information.
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