High-intensity interval exercise leads to greater improvements in the vascular endothelial function than continuous exercise at moderate intensity. However, few studies have been performed on the effects of repetition exercise consisting of high-intensity exercise followed by complete rest on the arterial function. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of repetition exercise on the vascular endothelial function determined by flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD). Eleven healthy male subjects completed two exercise sessions on a cycle ergometer in a counterbalanced order. The exercise sessions were 20 min cycling at 50% maximal work rate (W max ) (continuous exercise, CE) and 20 × 20-sec intervals at 100%W max interspersed with 40-sec intervals at complete rest (repetition exercise, RE). Before and after each protocol, the brachial systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured in the supine position. Relative FMD was assessed at rest and 30 and 60 min after each exercise regimen, and then the normalized FMD (nFMD) was calculated from the peak shear rate. The FMD significantly increased 30 min after RE (8.2 ± 1.5% to 11.5 ± 3.1%, p<0.01) and non-significantly increased 30 min after CE (7.5 ± 1.6% to 8.1 ± 2.1%, n.s.) before returning to baseline at 60 min after both exercise regimens. The FMD value at 30 min after RE was significantly greater than that at 30 min after CE (p<0.01). The nFMD (a.u.) significantly increased 30 min after RE (1.38 ± 0.64 to 2.00 ± 0.94, p<0.05) and non-significantly increased 30 min after CE (1.20 ± 0.54 to 1.49 ± 0.57, n.s.) before returning to baseline at 60 min after both exercise regimens. These results suggest that repetition exercise may lead to an acute improvement in the vascular endothelial function.
Purpose Several guidelines have recently recommended exercise for prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes. However, determining the optimum exercise conditions, e.g., the intensity, amount, frequency, and type of exercise, is difficult, particularly by patients themselves. We have investigated the acute effect of fast walking on postprandial blood glucose levels among patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods Fourteen patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes at least 1 year previously were eligible for inclusion in this study during educational hospitalization. Three walking programs, natural walking (walking at a natural speed), 10 % fast walking, and 20 % fast walking, were performed 1 h after lunch in a randomized sequence with a washout period of 1 day. Walking time was 30 min in all the programs. Primary outcome was determined by selfmonitoring of blood glucose. Blood glucose levels were measured before walking, after walking for 15 min, and at the end of walking. Heart rate and systolic and diastolic pressure were also measured for safety reasons. Results All the participants completed the study with no adverse effects. Compared with natural walking, fast walking markedly improved postprandial glucose excursion in an intensity-dependent manner without any adverse effects. Conclusion Fast walking acutely reduced postprandial blood glucose levels among patients with type 2 diabetes. Our method has major implications for the practice of diabetes education in clinical rehabilitation. Keywords Fast walking Á Type 2 diabetes Á Postprandial glucose levels Á Rehabilitation Á Oxygen uptake K. Deguchi and T. Enishi contributed equally.
Endurance exercises, such as cycling or running, are useful for improving arterial function. However, people suffering from partial paralysis or arthritis are unable to perform these kinds of lower-limb exercises. In the present study, we explored the acute effect of upper-arm exercise on arterial stiffness in healthy men. Fourteen healthy adult men performed two experimental trials. The order of experiments was randomized between a 30-min arm-cranking exercise at 50% V̇O (A-trial) and a 30-min leg-cycling exercise at 50% V̇O (C-trial). The brachial to ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV), brachial systolic/diastolic blood pressure and heart rate were obtained with subjects in the supine position. The baseline hemodynamic values were not markedly different between the two trials. Compared with the baseline value, the baPWV was significantly reduced at 30 and 60 min after the C-trial. In the A-trial, however, there were no significant changes in the baPWV throughout the trial. These results indicate that acute 50% V̇O arm-cranking exercise induced relatively little change in the baPWV, which was the opposite of the finding observed with leg-cycling exercise. Therefore, in order to improve arterial function via aerobic upper-arm exercises, the exercise mode/intensity or other approaches should be considered.
Endurance exercises such as cycling and running are useful for improving the arterial function and preventing cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, subjects suffering from spinal cord injury (SCI) or lower limb osteoarthritis (OA) cannot perform these kinds of lower limb exercises. Recently, electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) has been shown to be able to increase the muscle strength and blood flow and improve the peripheral circulation. Arm-cranking exercises with EMS may therefore be able to reduce the risk of CVD for patients with SCI and lower OA. However, this point has not been fully clarified. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of submaximal arm-cranking exercise with EMS on arterial stiffness. Ten healthy young subjects performed submaximal arm-cranking exercise alone (A) and submaximal armcranking exercise with EMS (A+E). In the A+E trial, the submaximal arm-cranking exercise was performed at 30%V 4 O 2 max for 20 min while EMS was applied to their thigh and calf muscles during the exercise. The brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (ba-PWV), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP/DBP) and heart rate (HR) were measured before and after each exercise. Immediately after the exercise session, the HR of the subjects in the A+E trial was significantly elevated in comparison to those in the A trial. The SBP and DBP did not differ between the two trials to a statistically significant extent. In the A+E trial, the ba-PWV was significantly reduced immediately after exercise in comparison to the A trial (1082.6 ± 105.9 cm•sec-1 vs. 1191.7 ± 86.7 cm•sec-1 , p < 0.05). These findings suggest that arm-cranking exercise with EMS reduces arterial stiffness and might be useful for reducing the risk of CVD.
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