Over the years, scientific researches have validated the healing benefits of many psychopharmacotherapeutic plant-based drugs to ameliorate psychiatric disorders. In contrast, the use of chemical procedures to isolate and purify specific compounds from plants that have been used to treat autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and its clinical features may contribute to improve the quality of life of many patients. Also, herbal pharmacological treatments could improve the core symptoms of autism with fewer side effects. This review will focus on the uses and actions of phytopharmaceuticals in the behavioral conditions of ASDs. A large number of natural compound-based plant drugs have been tested in murine models of autism and in clinical trials with remarkable success in reversing the core and associated behaviors with autism such as flavonoids, cannabinoids, curcuminoids, piperine, resveratrol, and bacosides. This plant-based drug alternative is safer given that many psychiatric disorders and neurodegenerative pathologies do not often respond well to currently prescribed medications or have significant side effects. However, it is noteworthy to consider the need for large clinical trials to determine safety and efficacy. Many results are based on case reports or small size samples, and often the studies are open label. Standardization of procedures (i.e., purity and concentrations) and quality controls are strictly required to ensure the absence of side effects.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by the core domains of persistent deficits in social communication and restricted-repetitive patterns of behaviors, interests, or activities. A heterogeneous and complex set of neurodevelopmental conditions are grouped in the spectrum. Pro-inflammatory events and immune system dysfunctions are cellular and molecular events associated with ASD. Several conditions co-occur with ASD: seizures, gastro-intestinal problems, attention deficit, anxiety and depression, and sleep problems. However, language and speech issues are key components of ASD symptoms current therapies find difficult to face. Several speech-stimulating substances have been shown to be effective in increasing speech ability in ASD subjects. The need for large clinical trials to determine safety and efficacy is recommended.
Recent studies have suggested that Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) may be caused by immunological factors, particularly, abnormalities in the innate immune system. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) play a critical role in host defense against infection and in the resolution of inflammation, hence lysozyme plays an important role in the innate immune system. The aim of this study was to determine the in vitro phagocytic and lysozyme activity in individuals with ASD, by biochemical and immunological techniques. Results indicate that there are no qualitative or quantitative differences in the in vitro phagocytic activity between ASD and typical development (TD) subjects. The ability to reduce Nitro Blue Tetrazolium by PMNs was compared and there were no significant differences between groups. The percentage of yeasts eliminated by phagocytosis at 20 minutes of exposure to PMNs, was lower in ASD children compared to TD children; however, no significant differences were observed between the percentages of cells eliminated after 5 and 20 minutes of treatment in both populations (p>0.05). Serum lysozyme basal levels were greater in children with ASD probably due to a compensatory state because of the immunological deregulation reported for this neurodevelopmental disorder.
Alterations in the immune system are often found in children with Autism Spectrum Disorders [ASD], leading to an aberrant immune response which compromises host defense. Fewer regulatory T-cells, elevation in inflammatory cells and proinflammatory cytokines have been highly reported in this population and it has been recently seen as a chronic neuroinflammatory disorder. Cytokines are often dysregulated in ASD especially IL-6, which is one of the biggest concerns during the current COVID-19 pandemic, as well as other immune dysregulations. We strongly believe that this proinflammatory environment in ASD could increase the vulnerability of a poor clinical outcome for COVID-19 infection.
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