The objectives of this study were to assess the variability in soil properties affecting salinity and alkalinity, and to analyze spatial distribution patterns of salinity (EC) and alkalinity (ESP) in the plain, which was used irrigation agriculture with low quality waters. Soil samples were collected from 0-30 cm, 30-60 cm, 60-90 cm and 90-120 cm soil depths at 60 sampling sites. Soil pH had the minimum variability, and hydraulic conductivity (Ks) had the maximum variability at all depths. The mean values of pH, EC, ESP and Ks increased while the mean values of CEC decreased with soil depth. Values pH, EC and ESP were generally high in the east and northeastern sides. Soil properties indicated moderate to strong spatial dependence. ESP and pH were moderately spatially dependent for three of the four depths, EC exhibited moderate spatial dependence for one of the four depths, CEC had a moderate spatial dependence at all depths, and Ks exhibited a strong spatial dependence. EC, CEC, and ESP were considerably variable in small distances. The spatial variability in small distances of EC, CEC, pH and ESP generally increased with depth. All geostatistical range values were greater than 1230 m. It was inferred that the strong spatial dependency of soil properties would be resulted in extrinsic factors such as ground water level, drainage, irrigation systems and microtopography.

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Spatial variability of salinity and alkalinity is important for site-specific management since they are the most important factors influencing soil quality and agricultural production. The objectives of this study were to analyze spatial variability in salinity and alkalinity and some soil properties affecting salinity and alkalinity, using classical statistics and geostatistical methods, in an irrigated field with low-quality irrigation water diverted from drainage canals. A field of 5 da was divided into 10 m x 10 m grids (5 lines in the east-west direction and 10 lines in the north-south direction). The soil samples were collected from three depths (0-30, 30-60 and 60-90 cm) at each grid corner. The variation coefficients of OM and sand contents were higher than other soil properties. OM had the maximum variability, with a mean of 1.63% at 0-30 cm depth and 0.71% at 30-60 cm depth. Significant correlations occurred between ESP, EC and each of Ca, Mg, K and CaCO(3) contents of the soils (p<0.01). Experimental semivariograms were fitted to spherical and gaussian models. All geostatistical range values were greater than 36 m. The soil properties had spatial variability at small distances at 60-90 cm depth. EC was variable within short distances at 30-60 cm depth. The nugget effect of ESP increased with soil depth. Kriged contour maps revealed that soils had a salinisation and alkalisation tendency at 60-90 cm depth based on spatial variance structure of the EC and ESP values. Spatial variability in EC and ESP can depend on ground water level, quality of irrigation water, and textural differences.

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Objective: The aim of this study is to determine whether the potential toxic copper element values measured in soils (X 1 ), vegetables (X 2 ) and waters (X 3 ) have an effect on the copper elements in the stomach and intestinal tissue (Y i ) (ppm) of individuals in an area of approximately 2400 km 2 covering the east of Erciyes strato volcano. Methods:We applied Diamond's fuzzy least squares (FLS) method, which assumes that the deviation between the observed and the predicted values is due to the fuzziness of the coefficients. We calculated many uncertainties and errors during the calculation of the estimator of each coefficient of the model based on the minimum blur criteria. Results:The turbidity level of the model, which was created with an approach of h = 0.5 tolerance level, was calculated as Z(x) = 74104. Goodness of fit test criteria of fuzzy model were calculated with the mean squared error (Mean Squared Error, MSE = 47), the square root of the mean squared error (Root Mean Squared Error, RMSE = 22) and the coefficient of determination (R 2 = 0.02). Conclusion:As a result of the calculations, statistically, r Tissue-Soil = 0.5, r Tissue-Vegetable = 0.3, r Tissue-Vater = 0.1 levels were determined between the potential toxic copper elements in the soil, vegetables and water and the potential toxic copper element value in the stomach and intestinal tissue. Applications to determine whether there is a relationship between potential toxic copper elements related to the study area and potential toxic copper element value in stomach and intestinal tissue are discussed for the first time in this study.

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