The bacterial reduction of Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157:H7‐inoculated apples and lettuce by ClO2 at 0, 5, 10, 20, and 40 ppm with and without 170‐kHz ultrasonic treatments for 3, 6, and 10 min, respectively, have been studied. The treatments of ClO2 at 20 and 40 ppm for 3, 6, and 10 min or at 5 and 10 ppm for 6 and 10 min with 170‐kHz ultrasonication caused 3.115 to 4.253 log reductions in Salmonella and 2.235 to 3.865 log reduction in E. coli O157:H7 on inoculated apples. Using combined ClO2 and ultrasonication to treat 4.48 × 104 CFU/g Salmonella and 1.07 × 105 CFU/g E. coli O157:H7‐inoculated lettuce, the bacterial reductions were 2.257 to 2.972 and 1.357 to 2.264 log, respectively. The residual ClO2 decreased with increasing treatment times, over 80% of ClO2 was detected after the 3‐min treatment, and more than 70% remained after the 10‐min treatment time. No bacteria were recovered from the posttreatment solutions of ClO2 or ClO2 combined with ultrasonication. The temperature of the ClO2 treatment was 20.1 °C, and it increased to 40.1, 44.9, and 50.3 °C, with 170‐kHz ultrasonic treatments for 3, 6, and 10 min, respectively, on apples.
The article describes one physician's campaign to have heroin legalized for medical use as a painkiller. Funding and lobbying support from the public was marshalled by the author to put the heroin issue on the federal government's agenda. The Canadian cancer establishment generally fought the proposed reform and made many unfounded arguments. The government compromised by granting physicians the right to administer heroin, while tying up the process with such demanding red tape that almost no one bothers with the narcotic.
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