We present our new Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array (ALMA) observations targeting [O iii]88 μm, [C ii]158 μm, [N ii]122 μm, and dust-continuum emission for three Lyman break galaxies at z = 6.0293–6.2037, identified in the Subaru/Hyper Suprime-Cam survey. We clearly detect [O iii] and [C ii] lines from all of the galaxies at 4.3–11.8σ levels, and identify multi-band dust-continuum emission in two of the three galaxies, allowing us to estimate infrared luminosities and dust temperatures simultaneously. In conjunction with previous ALMA observations for six galaxies at z > 6, we confirm that all the nine z = 6–9 galaxies have high [O iii]/[C ii] ratios of , ∼10 times higher than z ∼ 0 galaxies. We also find a positive correlation between the [O iii]/[C ii] ratio and the Lyα equivalent width (EW) at the ∼90% significance level. We carefully investigate physical origins of the high [O iii]/[C ii] ratios at z = 6–9 using Cloudy, and find that high density of the interstellar medium, low C/O abundance ratio, and the cosmic microwave background attenuation are responsible to only a part of the z = 6–9 galaxies. Instead, the observed high [O iii]/[C ii] ratios are explained by 10–100 times higher ionization parameters or low photodissociation region (PDR) covering fractions of 0%–10%, both of which are consistent with our [N ii] observations. The latter scenario can be reproduced with a density-bounded nebula with PDR deficit, which would enhance the Lyα, Lyman continuum, and ionizing photons escape from galaxies, consistent with the [O iii]/[C ii]-Lyα EW correlation we find.

In the cold dark matter cosmology, the baryonic components of galaxies-stars and gas-are thought to be mixed with and embedded in non-baryonic and non-relativistic dark matter, which dominates the total mass of the galaxy and its dark-matter halo. In the local (low-redshift) Universe, the mass of dark matter within a galactic disk increases with disk radius, becoming appreciable and then dominant in the outer, baryonic regions of the disks of star-forming galaxies. This results in rotation velocities of the visible matter within the disk that are constant or increasing with disk radius-a hallmark of the dark-matter model. Comparisons between the dynamical mass, inferred from these velocities in rotational equilibrium, and the sum of the stellar and cold-gas mass at the peak epoch of galaxy formation ten billion years ago, inferred from ancillary data, suggest high baryon fractions in the inner, star-forming regions of the disks. Although this implied baryon fraction may be larger than in the local Universe, the systematic uncertainties (owing to the chosen stellar initial-mass function and the calibration of gas masses) render such comparisons inconclusive in terms of the mass of dark matter. Here we report rotation curves (showing rotation velocity as a function of disk radius) for the outer disks of six massive star-forming galaxies, and find that the rotation velocities are not constant, but decrease with radius. We propose that this trend arises because of a combination of two main factors: first, a large fraction of the massive high-redshift galaxy population was strongly baryon-dominated, with dark matter playing a smaller part than in the local Universe; and second, the large velocity dispersion in high-redshift disks introduces a substantial pressure term that leads to a decrease in rotation velocity with increasing radius. The effect of both factors appears to increase with redshift. Qualitatively, the observations suggest that baryons in the early (high-redshift) Universe efficiently condensed at the centres of dark-matter haloes when gas fractions were high and dark matter was less concentrated.

We present measurements of the [N II]/Hα ratio as a probe of gas-phase oxygen abundance for a sample of 419 star-forming galaxies at z = 0.6 − 2.7 from the KMOS 3D near-IR multi-IFU survey. The mass-metallicity relation (MZR) is determined consistently with the same sample selection, metallicity tracer, and methodology over the wide redshift range probed by the survey. We find good agreement with long-slit surveys in the literature, except for the low-mass slope of the relation at z ∼ 2.3, where this sample is less biased than previous samples based on optical spectroscopic redshifts. In this regime we measure a steeper slope than some literature results. Excluding the AGN contribution from the MZR reduces sensitivity at the high mass end, but produces otherwise consistent results. There is no significant dependence of the [N II]/Hα ratio on SFR or environment at fixed redshift and stellar mass. The IFU data allow spatially resolved measurements of [N II]/Hα, from which we can infer abundance gradients for 180 galaxies, thus tripling the current sample in the literature. The observed gradients are on average flat, with only 15 gradients statistically offset from zero at > 3σ. We have modelled the effect of beam-smearing, assuming a smooth intrinsic radial gradient and known seeing, inclination and effective radius for each galaxy. Our seeing-limited observations can recover up to 70% of the intrinsic gradient for the largest, face-on disks, but only 30% for the smaller, more inclined galaxies. We do not find significant trends between observed or corrected gradients and any stellar population, dynamical or structural galaxy parameters, mostly in agreement with existing studies with much smaller sample sizes. In cosmological simulations, strong feedback is generally required to produce flat gradients at high redshift.

We use Herschel 70 to 160 µm images to study the size of the far-infrared emitting region in about 400 local galaxies and quasar (QSO) hosts. The sample includes normal 'main-sequence' star-forming galaxies, as well as infrared luminous galaxies and Palomar-Green QSOs, with different levels and structures of star formation. Assuming Gaussian spatial distribution of the far-infrared (FIR) emission, the excellent stability of the Herschel point spread function (PSF) enables us to measure sizes well below the PSF width, by subtracting widths in quadrature. We derive scalings of FIR size and surface brightness of local galaxies with FIR luminosity, with distance from the star-forming main-sequence, and with FIR color. Luminosities L FIR ∼10 11 L ⊙ can be reached with a variety of structures spanning 2 dex in size. Ultraluminous L FIR 10 12 L ⊙ galaxies far above the main-sequence inevitably have small R e,70 ∼0.5 kpc FIR emitting regions with large surface brightness, and can be close to optically thick in the FIR on average over these regions. Compared to these local relations, first ALMA sizes for the dust emission regions in high redshift galaxies, measured at somewhat longer rest wavelengths, suggest larger sizes at the same IR luminosity. We report a remarkably tight relation with 0.15 dex scatter between FIR surface brightness and the ratio of [Cii] 158 µm emission and FIR emission -the so-called [Cii]-deficit is more tightly linked to surface brightness than to FIR luminosity or FIR color. Among 33 z≤0.1 PG QSOs with typical L FIR /L Bol,AGN ≈0.1, 19 have a measured 70 µm half light radius, with median R e,70 =1.1 kpc. This is consistent with the FIR size for galaxies with similar L FIR but lacking a QSO, in accordance with a scenario where the rest FIR emission of these types of QSOs is, in most cases, due to host star formation.

We present the results of near-infrared spectroscopy of Hα emitters (HAEs) associated with two protoclusters around radio galaxies (PKS1138-262 at z=2.2 and USS1558-003 at z=2.5) with Multi-Object Infrared Camera and Spectrograph (MOIRCS) on the Subaru telescope. Among the HAE candidates constructed from our narrow-band imaging, we have confirmed membership of 27 and 36 HAEs for the respective protoclusters, with a success rate of 70 per cent of our observed targets. The large number of spectroscopically confirmed members per cluster has enabled us for the first time to reveal the detailed kinematical structures of the protoclusters at z>2. The clusters show prominent substructures such as clumps, filaments and velocity gradients, suggesting that they are still in the midst of rapid construction to grow to rich clusters at later times. We also estimate dynamical masses of the clusters and substructures assuming their local virialization. The inferred masses (∼10 14 M ⊙ ) of the protocluster cores are consistent with being typical progenitors of the present-day most massive class of galaxy clusters (∼10 15 M ⊙ ) if we take into account the typical mass growth history of clusters. We then calculated the integrated star formation rates of the protocluster cores normalized by the dynamical masses, and compare these with lower redshift descendants. We see a marked increase of star-forming activities in the cluster cores, by almost three orders of magnitude, as we go back in time to 11 billion years ago; this scales as (1+z) 6 .

This work presents the results from our near-infrared spectroscopy of narrow-band selected Hα emitters (HAEs) in two rich overdensities (PKS 1138-262 at z=2.2 and USS 1558-003 at z = 2.5) with the Multi-Object Infrared Camera and Spectrograph (MOIRCS) on the Subaru telescope. These protoclusters are promising candidates for the most massive class of galaxy clusters seen today (Paper I). The confirmed HAEs in the protoclusters at z > 2 show high excitation levels as characterized by much higher [Oiii]/ Hβ or [Oiii]/ Hα line ratios than those of general galaxies at low-z. Such a high excitation level may not only be driven by high specific star formation rates (sSFRs) and lower gaseous metallicities, but also be contributed by some other effects. We investigate the environmental dependence of gaseous metallicities by comparing the HAEs in the protoclustrers with those in the general field at similar redshifts. We find that the gaseous metallicities of protocluster galaxies are more chemically enriched than those of field galaxies at a given stellar mass in the range of M ⋆ 10 11 M ⊙ . This can be attributed to many processes, such as intrinsic (or nature) effects, external (or nurture) effects, and/or some systematic sampling effects. The intrinsic (nature) effect leads to the advanced stage of 'down-sizing' galaxy evolution in protoclusters. On the other hand, the external (nurture) effects include the recycling of chemically enriched gas due to the higher pressure of intergalactic medium and/or stripping of outer gas in the reservoir in protoclusters. We also find that the offset of the mass-metallicity relation in dense environment becomes larger at higher redshifts. This can be naturally understood by the fact that the inflow/outflow rates in star-forming galaxies are much higher at higher redshifts. Therefore, the environmental dependence of such 'feeding' and 'feedback' mechanisms in galaxy formation is probably playing major roles in producing the offset of the mass-metallicity relation for the protocluster galaxies at z > 2.

We present the completed KMOS 3D survey − an integral field spectroscopic survey of 739, log(M /M ) > 9, galaxies at 0.6 < z < 2.7 using the K-band Multi Object Spectrograph (KMOS) at the Very Large Telescope (VLT). KMOS 3D provides a population-wide census of kinematics, star formation, outflows, and nebular gas conditions both on and off the star-forming galaxy main sequence through the spatially resolved and integrated properties of Hα, [NII], and [SII] emission lines. We detect Hα emission for 91% of galaxies on the main sequence of star-formation and 79% overall. The depth of the survey has allowed us to detect galaxies with star-formation rates below 1 M yr −1 , as well as to resolve 81% of detected galaxies with ≥ 3 resolution elements along the kinematic major axis. The detection fraction of Hα is a strong function of both color and offset from the main sequence, with the detected and non-detected samples exhibiting different SED shapes. Comparison of Hα and UV+IR star formation rates (SFRs) reveal that dust attenuation corrections may be underestimated by 0.5 dex at the highest masses (log(M /M ) > 10.5). We confirm our first year results of a high rotation dominated fraction (monotonic velocity gradient and v rot /σ 0 > √ 3.36) of 77% for the full KMOS 3D sample. The rotation-dominated fraction is a function of both stellar mass and redshift with the strongest evolution measured over the redshift range of the survey for galaxies with log(M /M ) < 10.5. With this paper we include a final data release of all 739observed objects § .

We report detections of two 1.2 mm continuum sources (S 1.2mm ∼ 0.6 mJy) without any counterparts in the deep H-and/or K-band image (i.e., K-band magnitude 26 mag). These near-infrared-dark faint millimeter sources are uncovered by ASAGAO, a deep and wide-field (≃ 26 arcmin 2 ) Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) 1.2 mm survey. One has a red IRAC (3.6 and 4.5 µm) counterpart, and the other has been independently detected at 850 and 870 µm using SCUBA2 and ALMA Band 7, respectively. Their optical to radio spectral energy distributions indicate that they can lie at z 3-5 and can be in the early phase of massive galaxy formation. Their contribution to the cosmic star formation rate density is estimated to be ∼ 1 × 10 −3 M ⊙ yr −1 Mpc −3 if they lie somewhere in the redshift range of z ∼ 3-5. This value can be consistent with, or greater than that