This note is intended to serve primarily as a reference guide to users wishing to make use of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission data. It covers each of the three primary rainfall instruments: the passive microwave radiometer, the precipitation radar, and the Visible and Infrared Radiometer System on board the spacecraft. Radiometric characteristics, scanning geometry, calibration procedures, and data products are described for each of these three sensors.
A sulfonated diamine monomer, 4,4‘-diaminodiphenyl ether-2,2‘-disulfonic acid (ODADS),
was successfully synthesized by direct sulfonation of a commercially available diamine, 4,4‘-diaminodiphenyl ether (ODA), using fuming sulfuric acid as the sulfonating reagent. A series of sulfonated
polyimides were prepared from 1,4,5,8-naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (NTDA), ODADS, and
common nonsulfonated diamines. The resulting sulfonated polyimides displayed much better stability
toward water than those derived from the widely used sulfonated diamine 2,2‘-benzidinedisulfonic acid
(BDSA). This is because ODADS-based polyimide membranes have a more flexible structure than the
corresponding BDSA-based ones. Fenton's reagent test revealed that ODADS-based polyimide membranes
also had fair good stability to oxidation. Polyimide membranes with good water stability as well as high
proton conductivity were developed. NTDA−ODADS/BAPB(1/1) copolyimide membrane (BAPB refers to
4,4‘-bis(4-aminophenoxy)biphenyl)), for example, did not lose mechanical properties after being soaked
in water at 80 °C for 200 h, while its proton conductivity was still at a high level (comparable to that of
Nafion 117).
The photocatalytic decomposition of phenol in oxygenated aqueous suspensions of lightly-reduced anatase TiO2, being the most satisfactory among the semiconductors investigated from the standpoint of the photocatalytic activity and stability, has been investigated at the optimum pH 3.5. The products at the initial stage of the reaction were hydroquinone, pyrocatechol, 1,2,4-benzenetriol, pyrogallol, and 2-hydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone. These intermediates underwent further photocatalytic oxidation via acids and/or aldehydes finally into CO2 and H2O. A reaction scheme involving hydroxyl radicals as real reactive species has been proposed. Although H2O2 was formed via O2\ewdot produced by electron trapping of adsorbed oxygen, its concentration remained constant at a low value during the reaction. About 0.7 mole of O2 was consumed for the consumption of one mole of phenol at the initial stage of the reaction. These results indicated that hydroxyl radicals were formed not only via holes but also via H2O2 from O2\ewdot. It was interesting from the viewpoint of wastewater treatment that phenol was completely mineralized to CO2 in the presence of TiO2 powder under solar irradiation without both aeration and mixing of the solution.
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