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We propose a novel iterative thresholding approach based on firefly and particle swarm optimization to be used for the detection of hemorrhages, one of the signs of diabetic retinopathy disease. This approach consists of the enhancement of the image using basic preprocessing methods, the segmentation of vessels with the help of Gabor and Top-hat transformation for the removal of the vessels from the image, the determination of the number of regions with hemorrhages and pixel counts in these regions using firefly algorithm (FFA) and particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSOA)-based iterative thresholding, and the detection of hemorrhages with the help of a support vector machine (SVM) and linear regression (LR)-based classifier. In the preprocessing step, color space selection, brightness and contrast adjustment, and adaptive histogram equalization are applied to enhance retinal images, respectively. In the step of segmentation, blood vessels are detected by using Gabor and Top-hat transformations and are removed from the image to avoid confusion with hemorrhagic regions in the retinal image. In the iterative thresholding step, the number of hemorrhagic regions and pixel counts in these regions are determined by using an iterative thresholding approach that generates different thresholding values with the FFA/PSOA. In the classification step, the hemorrhagic regions and pixel counts obtained by the iterative thresholding are used as inputs in the LR/SVM-based classifier. PSOA-based iterative thresholding and the SVM classifier achieved 96.7% sensitivity, 91.4% specificity, and 94.1% accuracy for hemorrhage detection. Finally, the experiments show that the correct classification rates and time performances of the PSOA-based iterative thresholding algorithm are better than those of the FFA in hemorrhage detection. In addition, the proposed approach can be used as a diagnostic decision support system for detecting hemorrhages with high success rate.

Sealing in aseptic packages, one of the healthiest and cheapest technologies to protect food from parasites in the liquid food industry, requires a detailed and careful control process. Since the controls are made manually and visually by expert machine operators, the human factor can lead to the failure to detect defects, resulting in high cost and food safety risks. Therefore, this study aims to perform a leak test in aseptic package seals by a system that makes decisions using independent deep learning methods. The proposed Faster R-CNN and the Updated Faster R-CNN deep learning models were subjected to training and testing with a total of 400 images taken from a real production environment, resulting in a correct classification rate of 99.25%. As a result, it can be said that the study is the second study that performs a computer-aided quality control process with promising results, having distinctive features such as being the first study that conducts analysis using the deep learning method.

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ÖZETMikrodizi verilerine dayanan veri madenciliği analizi, hastalık teşhisi ve farmakoloji alanlarında kullanılmaktadır. Analiz aşamasında yaşanan en önemli zorluk, mikrodizilerin yüksek boyutlu olması ve çok sayıda gereksiz öznitelik içermesidir. Bu nedenle çalışmada kullandığımız prostat kanseri mikrodizi veri kümesi üzerinde öznitelik boyut azaltılması amacıyla Temel bileşenler analizi (TBA) ve Parçacık sürü optimizasyonu (PSO) kullanılmıştır. Bu sayede hastalıkları etkileyen genler tespit edilmektedir. Boyutu azaltılmış veri kümeleri Destek Vektör Makinesi ve k-En Yakın Komşuluk sınıflayıcı yöntemlerine giriş olarak verilmiş ve sınıflandırma başarı sonuçları değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuç olarak PSO boyut azaltma yöntemi ile prostat kanserinde etkin genler belirlenmiş ve 50 öznitelik ile %95.77 başarı elde edilmiştir.ABSTRACT Data mining analysis based on microarray data is used in disease diagnosis and pharmacology. The major challenge in the analysis phase is the high dimension of microarrays and the large number of unnecessary features. For this reason, Principle Component Analysis (PCA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) were used to reduce the feature dimension on the prostate cancer microarray dataset used in the study. In this way, genes that affect diseases are determined. Dimension reduced data sets are given as input to Support Vector Machine and k-Nearest neighbor classification methods and classification success results are evaluated. Finally, active genes in prostate cancer were identified by PSO dimension reduction method and 95.77% success was achieved with 50 attributes.