There is a need for a reliable staining technique to distinguish between live and dead organisms following LC50 tests. This is especially so in cases where organisms can be stressed or even become unconscious and appear dead to the aided or naked eyes. Visual observations under such conditions can result in an LC50 value shifting to the lower concentration thereby imposing stiffer guidelines for compliance. Aniline blue can only stain individuals which are physiologically dead imposing an accurate live-dead evaluation and producing a true LC50 value. Guidelines imposed using such data will facilitate compliance and provide an accurate value for an LC50.
Greenhouse gas (GHG) climate change/global warming is one of the most pressing environmental concerns today. Small Island States, such as Trinidad and Tobago, are highly vulnerable to climate change because of their small size and low elevation, as in the case of this study, which increases their sensitivity to climate change and limits their ability to adapt. In fact, the adaptive capacity of human systems is generally low in Small Island States, and vulnerability generally high. The Petroleum Company of Trinidad and Tobago (PETROTRIN) recently conducted a detailed vulnerability assessment survey and storm surge simulation through modelling for the west coast of Trinidad stretching from Vessigny River in the North to Cap-de-Ville in the South along the Gulf of Paria. This survey was undertaken so as to identify the impacts of climate driven, sea level rises and extreme storm surge events on Petrotrin's and Trinmar's infrastructure and operations. The methodology used to conduct this vulnerability assessment survey involved coupling A-OGCM (AtmosphereOcean General Circulation) model simulations of future sea level rises and TAOS (Total Arbiter of Storms) estimates of storm surges to a GIS-based inundation and erosion scheme so as to estimate land loss and infrastructure facilities at risk from inundation and erosion. The results of the study show that field installations in Petrotrin at Guapo, such as access roads, pipelines, storage tanks and even pump jacks and the offshore operations of Trinmar including offshore platforms, jetties and harbours and administrative buildings would be at severe risk of inundation and erosion deriving from sea level rises and storm surge events.
There is a need for a reliable staining technique to distinguish between live and dead organisms following LC50 tests. This is especially so in cases where organisms can be stressed or even become unconscious and appear dead to the aided or naked eyes. Visual observations under such conditions can result in an LC50 value shifting to the lower concentration thereby imposing stiffer guidelines for compliance. Aniline blue can only stain individuals which are physiologically dead imposing an accurate live-dead evaluation and producing a true LC50 value. Guidelines imposed using such data will facilitate compliance and provide an accurate value for an LC50.
fax 01-972-952-9435. AbstractThe Petroleum Company of Trinidad and Tobago Limited (Petrotrin) proposed to undertake the drilling of an onshore exploratory well in the vicinity of Debe, South Trinidad.
An integral component of an Environmental Impact Assessment is the Socio-economic Assessment. The purpose of these assessments is to identify and evaluate potential impacts of proposed projects on the socio-economic environment of fenceline communities that would most likely be directly impacted by the project. With the enactment of the Certificate of Environmental Clearance (CEC) Rules in Trinidad in 2001, Exploration and Production (E&P) companies must now apply to the Environmental Management Authority for an environmental permit for any activity designated under these rules. As a result, oil and gas operators in Trinidad have collected a significant amount of socioeconomic data as part of Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA?s) and Environmental Baseline Surveys for CEC applications. The state owned oil company, Petrotrin, set the standard for conducting socio-economic assessments for energy development projects in Trinidad and did so on a voluntary basis before the CEC Rules were enacted using guidelines developed by the Regional Association of Oil and Natural Gas Companies in Latin America and the Caribbean (ARPEL). In conducting socio-economic assessments, surveys were conducted for households, community leaders, business proprietors and focus groups. Generally 25% of the population are interviewed in the process to determine their views and aspirations on potential impacts of oil and gas E&P projects based on their historical experience. If effectively conducted, socio-economic assessments are a valuable tool for determining community needs and ensuring win- win partnerships between oil and gas companies and the communities in which they operate. This paper describes the process by which Petrotrin has conducted socio-economic assessments for EIA's and Environmental Baseline Surveys for fenceline communities where E&P development activities are planned. It also seeks to give an historical overview of how E&P operations have impacted fence line communities in southern Trinidad over the 20th century. Introduction Petroleum Company of Trinidad and Tobago Limited (Petrotrin) operates the majority of onshore acreages in Trinidad which extend across the southern half of the island. Trinidad's oil industry celebrated it's centennial anniversary in 2002 as the first commercially successful well was drilled in 1902 in Guayaguayare near the south-east coast of the island.Since then Trinidad's oil industry has flourished over the 20th century under Petrotrin and its predecessor companies. As part of the company's drive to increase domestic crude supply to the company's refinery at Pointe-a Pierre, development drilling activity has been targeted at stranded reserves from mature and marginal fields in the south-west peninsula of Trinidad. Another strategy for Petrotrin to stem declining production and lower lifting costs is the Lease and Farmout and Joint Venture programs which began in the early 1990's. These programs are managed by Petrotrin through the Joint Venture operations (JVO) department. Marginal wells and acreages were leased or farmed out to independent operators who could explore, drill and produce oil at a lower cost than Petrotrin thus permitting the reactivation of idle wells. The success of this program has resulted in over 700 idle wells being reactivated and over 110 wells being drilled. It is likely that most of the EIA's for onshore exploration and production projects will be conducted by Petrotrin's joint venture partners, or by Petrotrin on behalf of these operators.
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