Although regular physical activity (PA) is a cornerstone of treatment for type 2 diabetes (T2D), most adults with T2D are sedentary. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have proven the effectiveness of PA behavioral interventions for adults with T2D but have rarely been conducted in healthcare settings. We sought to identify PA interventions that are effective and practical to implement in clinical practice settings. Our first aim was to use the valid Pragmatic-Explanatory Continuum Indicator Summary 2 (PRECIS-2) tool to assess the potential for future implementation of PA interventions in clinical practice settings. Our second aim was to identify interventions that effectively increased PA and glycemic control among the interventions in the top tertile of PRECIS-2 scores. We searched PubMed MED-LINE from January 1980 through May 2015 for RCTs of behavioral PA interventions coordinated by clinical practices for patients with T2D. Dual investigators assessed pragmatism by PRECIS-2 scores, and study effectiveness was extracted from original RCT publications. The PRECIS-2 scores of the 46 behavioral interventions (n = 13,575 participants) ranged from 3.0 to 4.8, where 5 is the most pragmatic score. In the most pragmatic tertile of interventions (n = 16) by PRECIS-2 scores, 30.8 and 31.3% of interventions improved PA outcomes and hemoglobin A1c, respectively. A minority of published evidence-based PA interventions for adults with T2D were both effective and pragmatic for clinical implementation. These should be tested for dissemination using implementation trial designs.

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BACKGROUND: The novel coronavirus-associated ARDS (COVID-19 ARDS) often requires invasive mechanical ventilation. A spectrum of atypical ARDS with different phenotypes (high vs low static compliance) has been hypothesized in COVID-19. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis to identify respiratory mechanics in COVID-19 ARDS. Berlin definition was used to categorize severity of ARDS. Correlational analysis using t test, chi-square test, ANOVA test, and Pearson correlation was used to identify relationship between subject variables and respiratory mechanics. The primary outcome was duration of mechanical ventilation. Secondary outcomes were correlation between fluid status, C-reactive protein, PEEP, and D-dimer with respiratory and ventilatory parameters. RESULTS: Median age in our cohort was 60.5 y with predominantly male subjects. Up to 53% subjects were classified as severe ARDS (median P aO 2 =F IO 2 5 86) with predominantly low static compliance (median C st -25.5 mL/cm H 2 O). The overall mortality in our cohort was 61%. The total duration of mechanical ventilation was 35 d in survivors and 14 d in nonsurvivors. High PEEP (r 5 0.45, P < .001) and D-dimer > 2,000 ng/dL (P 5 .009) correlated with significant increase in physiologic dead space without significant correlation with P aO 2 =F IO 2 . Higher net fluid balance was inversely related to static compliance (r 5 20.24, P 5 .045), and elevation in C-reactive protein was inversely related to P aO 2 =F IO 2 (r 5 20.32, P 5 .02). CONCLUSIONS: In our cohort of mechanically ventilated COVID-19 ARDS subjects, high PEEP and D-dimer were associated with increase in physiologic dead space without significant effect on oxygenation, raising the question of potential microvascular dysfunction.

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