Sulfur dioxide (SO) is an atmospheric pollutant that is moderately persistent in the atmosphere and highly water soluble. When applied as a pesticide, SO may be transported, deposited, or transformed in various chemical reactions. SO participates in the sulfur biogeochemical cycle, which involves complex reactions of sulfur-containing compounds between abiotic and biotic components of ecosystems. The main degradation route of SO is atmospheric oxidation, and sulfur oxides may undergo long-distance transport prior to removal from the atmosphere by wet or dry deposition. According to the Pesticide Use Reporting (PUR) database maintained by the California Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR), SO use in California from 2010 to 2015 was primarily for fumigations (96%), including treatments of postharvest grape products and winery equipment sterilizations. Other site uses contributed less than 5% of reported statewide SO use from 2010 to 2015. A slight increasing trend in use of SO as a pesticide was observed from 2010 to 2015, with the highest reported uses of SO within California counties during the months of July-November. Although the primary sources of SO in the environment are anthropogenic emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels, emissions of SO from pesticide uses have the potential to contribute to the environmental and public welfare impacts of SO pollution. Oxidation of atmospheric SO may contribute to the negative environmental and public welfare impacts of acid rain, which include toxicity to aquatic organisms, fish, and terrestrial vegetation, and corrosion of man-made materials.
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