Objective: Research on veterans with diabetes (VWD) suggested elevated rates of mental illness and substance use disorder but used samples studied 14 -21 years ago without comparator groups. To inform translational research and care-delivery models for diabetes, the purpose of this study was to compare VWD, nonveterans with diabetes (NVWD), and veterans without diabetes (VWOD) on physical and psychological functioning. Method: The study was a retrospective analysis of cross-sectional data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, a population-based household-interview survey, 2015 to 2018. Psychological disorders and high-risk substance use were identified with validated scales and standard diagnostic definitions. Results: Regardless of veteran status, diabetes was associated with impaired health: self-rated poor health 9.3% VWD (n ϭ 1,320), 9.0% NVWD (n ϭ 10,246), 3.5% VWOD (n ϭ 8,314); past-year hospitalization 20.4 -23.9% for those with diabetes, 12.9% for VWOD (p Ͻ .001); obesity 49.0 -54.8% for those with diabetes, 31.8% for VWOD. Mental illness was more prevalent in those with diabetes (17.0 -21.8%) than in VWOD (14.8%); high-risk substance use was less prevalent (9.7-9.8% vs. 14.0%, p Ͻ .001). Post hoc analysis by active-duty service era identified high rates of psychological problems, including mental illness (29.7%), among VWD with recent service. Conclusions: Diabetes is associated with similar impairments in veterans and nonveterans. Among VWD, recent service may increase psychological risk. Findings support guideline-recommended patientcentered care for VWD and NVWD. Translational research should assess expansion of Veterans Health Administration (VHA) multidisciplinary disease-and self-management models to non-VHA settings.
Objective. To determine the perceptions of student pharmacists who participated in a leadership development program for student organization officers within an accelerated pharmacy program and report the change in their Emotional Intelligence Appraisal (EIA) scores. Methods. Between 2015-2018, three different cohorts of students participated in a voluntary leadership development program, which spanned six academic quarters. The program included a variety of self-assessments and large group topic discussions, followed by quarterly individual written reflections with feedback from faculty mentors. These activities primarily addressed the topics of emotional intelligence, strengths-based leadership, and continuous leadership development. Participants' EIA scores near the beginning and end of the program were compared. An anonymous online survey of participant perceptions was administered at the end of the program. Results. A total of 166 student pharmacists completed all program activities. Each cohort's final mean overall, selfawareness, self-management, and social awareness EIA scores were higher than their corresponding mean initial scores. The overall response rate for the online survey was 61%. All respondents either strongly agreed or agreed that participating in the program enhanced their leadership skills. The majority of respondents additionally rated each of the program's activities as being either very beneficial or beneficial. The emotional intelligence assessment and strengthsbased leadership assessment were most frequently cited as being very beneficial.
Conclusion.The pilot implementation of this leadership development program appears to have been both impactful and well-received. This program structure may provide an effective method for increasing the emotional intelligence of student pharmacists, particularly within accelerated pharmacy programs.
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