Waldenströ m macroglobulinemia (WM) is a B-cell malignancy characterized by an IgM monoclonal gammopathy and bone marrow (BM) infiltration with lymphoplasmacytic cells (LPCs). Excess mast cells (MCs IntroductionWaldenström macroglobulinemia (WM) is a distinct B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder characterized primarily by bone marrow (BM) infiltration with lymphoplasmacytic cells (LPCs), along with demonstration of an IgM monoclonal gammopathy. 1 This condition is considered to be lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma as defined by the Revised European-American Lymphoma (REAL) and World Health Organization (WHO) classification systems. 2,3 An interesting feature of the disease is the finding of increased number of mast cells (MCs) in the BM of patients with WM, most typically in association with LPCs. [4][5][6][7] This striking association has become characteristic of WM, and is often widely used as a supportive basis for making the diagnosis of WM. 2,3,6 Recently, we demonstrated that BM MCs provide important growth and survival cues to WM LPCs through multiple TNFfamily ligands, including CD40L (CD154), a proliferationinducing ligand (APRIL), and B-lymphocyte stimulator factor (BLYS). 8-10 Importantly, MC-induced expansion of WM LPCs was inhibited by use of blocking proteins to CD40L, APRIL, and BLYS. Moreover, direct therapeutic targeting of BM MCs with alemtuzumab and imatinib mesylate have also resulted in remissions among patients with WM. 11,12 While these studies have shown that MCs can induce WM cells through multiple ligand-receptor signals, the mechanism(s) by which WM cells may potentially facilitate such supportive signaling through MCs remains to be clarified. One potential pathway for WM-MC signaling is via CD70, a TNF-family member which is found on activated lymphocytes, stromal cells of the thymic medulla, and mature dendritic cells, but which is absent from other normal tissues, including all vital organs. 13 CD70 has been shown to play a role in B-lymphocyte regulation though binding to CD27, a TNF-family member expressed by thymocytes, natural killer, T, and B cells, including memory B cells from which WM LPCs may have derived. [14][15][16][17][18] As such, we sought to establish the expression of CD27 and CD70 in WM, and delineate their interactions between WM LPCs, and MCs. MethodsApproval for human studies was obtained from the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Institutional Review Board (IRB). Informed consent was obtained in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Cell lines and culturesBCWM.1 and LAD2 cell lines were used in these studies. BCWM.1 is a cell line derived from an untreated patient with WM, 19 whereas the LAD2 cell line is a MC line derived from a patient with untreated MC sarcoma. 20 Cells were maintained as previously described. 19,20 Sorted lymphoplasmacytic cells (CD19 ϩ ) and mast cells (Fc⑀RI ϩ , CD117 ϩ ) were obtained from consenting patients with WM and isolated as previously described. 9,18,21 RT-PCR analysisTotal RNA was extracted using RNase Mini Kit (QIAGEN, Valencia, C...
This cross-sectional study examined whether, and to what extent, attachment to pets was associated with changes in latent patterns of adults’ perceived mental health symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic (n = 1942). We used latent transition analysis to determine the stability of subgroup membership pre- and post-COVID and the effect of attachment to pets on transition probabilities. Mental health before COVID-19 was measured retrospectively. Five subgroups were identified: low symptoms, mild symptoms, moderate symptoms, high symptoms, and severe symptoms. Among individuals in the moderate and high symptoms subgroups, those who reported high attachment to pets generally had greater odds of transitioning to a less severe symptom profile (OR = 2.12) over time than those with low attachment to pets (OR = 1.39). However, those who had a severe symptom profile and high attachment to pets had lower odds of transitioning to a less severe symptom profile (OR = 0.30) and higher odds of maintaining a severe symptom profile (OR = 3.33) than those with low attachment to pets. These findings suggest that the protective and risk effects of attachment to pets differ based on individuals’ psychological symptom patterns across multiple indicators. We discuss the implications of these findings for research, policy, and practice.
Objective The Energy Envelope Theory of myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome postulates that individuals with myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome may experience some increase in functioning if their level of exertion consistently remains within the limits of their available energy. Findings of several studies support this theory; however, the current study is the first to explore how an individual’s initial level of available energy may influence the relation between energy envelope maintenance and level of functioning. Method The functioning, activity, and symptomatology of six groups of individuals with myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome were compared. Groups were created based upon level of available energy (higher or lower) and energy envelope adherence (underextended, within, overextended). Results Results indicate that, as expected, individuals with myalgic encephalomyelitis and chronic fatigue syndrome who had higher available energy also had better functioning than individuals with lower available energy; however, this relation was less pronounced for individuals who were overexerting themselves. Discussion These results are consistent with the Energy Envelope Theory, and they suggest that overexertion was particularly impactful for individuals with higher levels of available energy.
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