No abstract

Peripheral blood can be a valuable source of adult stem cells, if one can identify reliable equine-specific markers, provide methods to increase the number of circulating progenitor cells and optimise cell culture conditions for growth and viability. Our findings are important for further studies towards technological advances in basic and clinical equine regenerative medicine.

Purpose To determine whether activated CD11b+ CD15+ granulocytes increase in the blood of patients with uveal melanoma. Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated by density gradient centrifugation from the blood of patients with primary choroidal/ciliochoroidal uveal melanomas (six women, four men; age range, 46–91 years) and healthy control donors (14 women, 10 men; age range, 50 – 81 years). The expression of CD15 and CD68 on CD11b+ myeloid cells within PBMCs and primary uveal melanomas was evaluated by flow cytometry. CD3ζ chain expression by CD3ε+ T cells in PBMCs and within primary uveal melanomas was measured as an indirect indication of T-cell function. Results The percentage of CD11b+ cells in PBMCs of patients with uveal melanoma increased 1.8-fold in comparison to healthy donors and comprised three subsets: CD68 negative CD15+ granulocytes, which increased 4.1-fold; CD68− CD15− cells, which increased threefold; and CD68+ CD15low cells, which were unchanged. A significant (2.7-fold) reduction in CD3ζ chain expression on CD3ε+ T cells, a marker of T-cell dysfunction, was observed in PBMCs of patients with uveal melanoma in comparison with healthy control subjects and correlated significantly with the percentage of CD11b+ cells in PBMCs. CD3ζ chain expression on T cells within primary tumors was equivalent to CD3ζ expression in PBMCs of the same patient in four of five patients analyzed. Conclusions Activated CD11b+ CD15+ granulocytes expand in the blood of patients with uveal melanoma and may contribute to immune evasion by ocular tumors by inhibiting T-cell function via decreasing CD3ζ chain expression.

Ocular immune privilege (IP) limits immune surveillance of intraocular tumors as certain immunogenic tumor cell lines (P815, E.G7-OVA) that are rejected when transplanted in the skin grow progressively when placed in the anterior chamber (a.c.) of the eye. As splenectomy (SPLNX) is known to terminate ocular IP, we characterized immune mechanisms responsible for rejection of intraocular tumors in SPLNX mice as a first step toward identifying how to restore tumoricidal activity within the eye. CD8+ T cells, IFNγ, and FasL, but not perforin, or TNFα were required for elimination of intraocular E.G7-OVA tumors that culminated in destruction of the eye (ocular phthisis). IFNγ and FasL did not target tumor cells directly as the majority of SPLNX IFNγR1−/− mice and Fas defective lpr mice failed to eliminate intraocular E.G7-OVA tumors that expressed Fas and IFNγR1. Bone marrow chimeras revealed that IFNγR1 and Fas expression on immune cells was most critical for rejection and SPLNX increased the frequency of activated macrophages (Mϕ) within intraocular tumors in an IFNγ-and-Fas/FasL-dependent manner suggesting an immune cell target of IFNγ and Fas. As depletion of Mϕs limited CD8 T cell-mediated rejection of intraocular tumors in SPLNX mice, our data support a model in which IFNγ-and-Fas/FasL-dependent activation of intratumoral Mϕs by CD8+ T cells promotes severe intraocular inflammation that indirectly eliminates intraocular tumors by inducing phthisis, and suggests that immunosuppressive mechanisms which maintain ocular IP interfere with the interaction between CD8+ T cells and Mϕs to limit immunosurveillance of intraocular tumors.

Immunosuppressive molecules within the aqueous humor (AqH) are thought to preserve ocular immune privilege by inhibiting pro-inflammatory nitric oxide (NO) production by macrophages (Mϕs). Consistent with previous observations, we observed that although Mϕs stimulated in the presence of AqH expressed NO-synthase-2 (NOS2) protein, nitrite concentrations in culture supernatants, an indirect measure NO production, did not increase. Interestingly, NOS2 enzymatic activity, as measured by the conversion of L-arginine (L-Arg) into L-citrulline, was augmented in lysates of Mϕs stimulated in the presence of AqH. These data suggested that intracellular L-arg may have been limited by AqH. However, we observed increased mRNA expression of the L-arg transporter, CAT2B, and increased L-arg uptake in Mϕs stimulated in the presence of AqH. Arginases were expressed by stimulated Mϕs but competition for L-arg with NOS2 was excluded. Expression of GTP cyclohydrolase which produces tetrahydrobiopterin (H4B), an essential cofactor for NOS2 homodimerization, increased after Mϕ stimulation in the presence or absence of AqH and NOS2 homodimers formed. Taken together these data provided no evidence for inhibited NOS2 enzymatic activity by AqH suggesting that a factor within AqH may have interfered with the measurement of nitrite. Indeed, we observed that nitrite standards were not measurable in the presence of AqH and this effect was due to ascorbate in AqH. Controlling for interference by ascorbate revealed that AqH augmented NO production in Mϕs via ascorbate which limited degradation of H4B. Therefore, AqH may augment NO production in macrophages by stabilizing H4B and increasing intracellular L-Arg.

Thy1.1 congenic B6.PL mice were used to simultaneously monitor Thy1.2+ E.G7-OVA tumors transplanted in the a.c. of the eye and i.v.-transferred tumor-specific Thy1.2+ CTLs to determine mechanisms that inhibit the tumoricidal activity of CTL responses in mice with established ocular tumors. Transferred CTLs were systemically deleted in mice with established ocular tumors. However, this deletion was not a unique mechanism of immune evasion by ocular tumors. Rather, development of Thy1.2+ tumors in the eye or skin of B6.PL mice generated cytotoxic anti-Thy1.2 antibodies that eliminated a subsequent Thy1.2+ T cell transfer. Anti-Thy1.2 immune responses in B6.PL mice were influenced by the route of antigen administration, as the serum concentration of cytotoxic anti-Thy1.2 antibodies was 92-fold greater in mice with eye tumors in comparison with mice with skin tumors. In addition, anti-Thy1.2 immune responses were detected in B6.PL mice given naïve Thy1.2+ T cells i.p. but not i.v. Anti-Thy1.2 responses were augmented in B6.PL mice with ocular Thy1.2+ EL-4 tumors that did not express OVA, suggesting immunodominance of OVA antigen over Thy1.2. Thy1.1+ T cells given i.p. was not immunogenic in Thy1.2 congenic mice. These data reaffirm that the introduction of antigens in the a.c. induces robust antibody responses. Experimentation using allotypic differences in Thy1 between donor cells and recipient mice must consider cytotoxic anti-Thy1 antibody generation in the interpretation of results.

<p>Inflammatory gene expression within intraocular Luc-E.G7 tumors.</p>

<p>Measurement of Intraocular Tumor Growth.</p>