Sandage, Worthington, Jr., Hight, and Berry (2000) pointed out that most of the research on forgiveness has focused on the process of granting forgiveness rather than seeking forgiveness. Therefore, in this project, college students were asked to recall a recent event from their past where they harmed someone with whom they had a relationship. They were then asked to rate their feelings following the transgression such that it was possible to determine the extent to which they experienced sorrow or guilt (Narramore, 1984). Participants also indicated how they responded to the situation. In addition, a few weeks later, these same students were invited to respond to a dispositional measure designed to tap their general tendencies toward experiencing sorrow or guilt. One of the particularly interesting findings from this study was that the efforts to measure sorrow seemed to split into two factors. One of these sorrow factors seemed to predict healthy patterns of seeking forgiveness while the other factor did not.
This study examined how perceptions of adolescent temperament are related to parent-child conflict and the development of autonomy and how temperament might interact with sibling ordinal status. Participants were 145 families. Each family included at least one parent, a first-born in 8 th , 10 th , or 12 th grade, and a second-born sibling. Participants were given questionnaires regarding adolescent temperament, conflict frequency and intensity in the parent-adolescent relationship, expectations for adolescent's behavioral autonomy, and parental authority legitimacy. Results partially confirmed the hypotheses revealing that temperament was related to parent-child conflict and, to a lesser extent, to autonomy development. In particular, parents and adolescents reported that temperamental intensity, persistence, and approach were related to conflict frequency, conflict intensity, and expectations for behavioral autonomy. Persistence was the only temperament that related to parental authority legitimacy. Also, results revealed that temperament interacted with sibling ordinal status, but only for the conflict measures. These reports were more significant for parent reports of adolescent temperament than for adolescent reports.
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