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As of January 2016, 80 countries have introduced rotavirus vaccines into their national immunization programs. Many have documented significant declines in rotavirus-specific and all-cause diarrheal illnesses following vaccine introduction. Two globally licensed rotavirus vaccines have been associated with a low risk of intussusception in several studies. In July 2014, the Rotavirus Organization of Technical Allies Council convened a meeting of research and advocacy organizations, public health experts, funders, and vaccine manufacturers to discuss post-marketing intussusception surveillance and rotavirus vaccine impact data. Meeting objectives were to evaluate updated data, identify and prioritize research gaps, discuss best practices for intussusception monitoring in lower-income settings and risk communication, and provide insight to country-level stakeholders on best practices for intussusception monitoring and communication. Meeting participants agreed with statements from expert bodies that the benefits of vaccination with currently available rotavirus vaccines outweigh the low risk of vaccination-associated intussusception. However, further research is needed to better understand the relationship of intussusception to wild-type rotavirus and rotavirus vaccines and delineate potential etiologies and mechanisms of intussusception. Additionally, evidence from research and post-licensure evaluations should be presented with evidence of the benefits of vaccination to best inform policymakers deciding on vaccine introduction or vaccination program sustainability.

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A single 24-hour urine collection may have changed clinical decision making in up to 45% of patients. Therefore, we recommend two collections to optimize the diagnostic yield and appropriately target stone prevention strategies.

Although minimally invasive stone therapies such as shockwave lithotripsy, ureteroscopy, and percutaneous nephrolithotomy are efficacious, these techniques are not free of risks and are relatively expensive. Watchful waiting may be appropriate in patients without infection whose pain can be controlled with oral medication but is associated with pain, uncertainty, potential risks to renal function, and time lost from work. Hydroxyprogesterone, prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors, calcium-channel blockers such as nifedipine, alpha-1 blockers such as tamsulosin, and corticosteroids may have some beneficial effect. Future studies are likely to provide additional data in support of their use.

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