The compact MnO 2 -laden black phosphorus nanosheet (BPN) nanosponge is conveniently prepared as an intelligent and versatile theranostic nanocarrier for simultaneously realizing tumor microenvironment (TME: pH and redox)-responsive MRI and for implementing synergistically enhanced photothermal, photodynamic therapy, and chemotherapy. Compared with traditional remedies, this self-driven smart theranostic platform exhibits a remarkably enhanced therapeutic effect with substantially reduced side effects via these multiple endogenous TME stimuli, which is anticipated to provide a general and promising toolbox for developing smart nanomedicines in effective cancer theranostic fields.
Extracellular vesicles
(EVs) have emerged as promising tumor biomarkers
for early cancer diagnosis, as primary tumor-secreted EVs carry characteristic
molecular information on parent cells. It is thus desirable to realize
the efficient discrimination of the signatured EVs-associated microRNAs
(miRNAs) with low expression and subtle variation. Here, we introduce
an autonomous nonlinear enzyme-free signal amplification paradigm
for EVs discrimination through a highly sensitive and selective detection
of their inherent miRNAs in situ. Our proposed amplifier consists
of a modularized DNAzyme-amplified two-stage cascaded hybridization
chain reaction (CHCR–DNAzyme) circuit, where the analyte-generated
output of the preceding hybridization chain reaction (HCR1) stage
serves as input to motivate the following hybridization chain reaction
(HCR2) stage and the concomitant assembly of numerous DNAzyme biocatalysts.
By incorporating a flexibly configurable sensing module, this modular
CHCR–DNAzyme circuit can further extend to “plug-and-play”
sensing mode that enables the miRNA assay with high specificity. The
sophisticated design and the detecting performance of our CHCR–DNAzyme
scheme were systematically investigated in vitro. The optimized CHCR–DNAzyme
system was further applied for distinguishing EVs derived from different
cells through the amplified detection of a putative miRNA biomarker
in EVs. This compact CHCR–DNAzyme amplifier provides a universal
and facile toolbox for highly efficient identification of multiple
miRNAs-involved EVs and thus holds great potential for early cancer
diagnosis.
The autocatalytic HCR-DNAzyme platform was constructed as a versatile amplification platform for intracellular microRNA imaging by integrating hybridization chain reaction (HCR) circuit with DNAzyme biocatalysis. The HCR-assembled multifunctional DNAzyme nanowires...
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