This report describes two studies that investigated the comparability of scores from paper‐and‐pencil and computer‐administered versions of the College‐Level Examination Program (CLEP) General Examinations in Mathematics and English Composition. The first study used a prototype computer‐administered version of each examination. Based on the results of the first study and feedback from the study participants, several modifications were made to these prototype versions. A second study was then conducted using the modified computer versions. Both studies used a single‐group counterbalanced equating design. Data for the Mathematics Examination were collected at Southwest Texas State University, and data for the English Composition Examination were collected at Utah State University. The results of Study 1 suggest that, despite efforts to design computer versions of the CLEP Mathematics and English Composition General Examinations that were administratively similar to the paper‐and‐pencil examinations (i.e., allowed item review and answer changing and were comparably timed), mode‐of‐administration effects (i.e., changes in average scores as a function of the mode of test delivery) were found. The results of Study 2 suggest that the modifications made to the computer versions eliminated the mode‐of‐administration effects for the English Composition Examination but not for the Mathematics Examination. The results of both studies underscore the need to determine empirically (rather than to just assume) the equivalence of computer and paper versions of an examination.

To determine whether clinicians' diagnoses of patients are biased by their religion, by the religion of the patient, or by the interaction of religions, psychologists licensed in Utah were invited by questionnaire to participate in a clinical analogue experiment. Their religion (Latter-Day Saints [LDS] vs. Other) was obtained from a questionnaire, the purpose of which was not specified. Respondents received four fictitious case reports, which were varied on religion (LDS vs. Other), to diagnose according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Usable data were obtained from 60 psychologists, who assigned a wide variety of diagnoses. Diagnoses of all four cases were combined and grouped into seven categories. Chi-square and Fisher tests revealed that psychologists' use of diagnoses in these categories was not significantly influenced by the religion of the clinician or patient or by interactions between the two. The conclusion that psychologists in Utah are not biased by their religions, their patients' religions, or the relationship between the two when integrating case data to assign formal diagnoses is discussed in relation to previous research. This article is based on the flrst author's master's thesis, entitled "Influence of Clinicians' and Clients'

This study compared differences in the way in which 63 suicidal and 56 nonsuicidal persons in therapy reported their relations to other people on the FIRO-B, and the Sociability and Tolerance scales from the California Personality Inventory. Suicidal and nonsuicidal groups performed significantly differently on three scales, Wanted Affection, Sociability, and Tolerance. There was a significant interaction on Wanted Affection between suicidal status and sex. Suicidal persons showed a preference for less social involvement and a lower level of tolerance for others. Suicidal males expressed more affection than suicidal females while nonsuicidal males expressed less affection than nonsuicidal females. Suicidal individuals, both males and females, and nonsuicidal females obtained much higher wanted affection scores than did nonsuicidal males. Implications of these findings regarding the nature of the personality needs of suicidal males and females were discussed.

The purpose of this study was to explore construct validity of Transactional Analysis ego state concepts. Ego states are defined as coherent systems of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Sixtyfive students seeking therapy and 95 students not seeking therapy completed the Adjective Check List (ACL) and the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI). Ego state scores from the ACL correlated with BSI psychological distress in predicted directions. Statistically significant differences were found between four out of five ego state scores of students seeking therapy and those not seeking therapy. Four ego state scores changed in predicted directions for students receiving therapy. Relationships among TA ego states are examined and how they relate to client change is discussed.Many theories of personality and psychotherapy have been proposed since Freud first published his ideas outlining the workings of the human psyche. As psychotherapists we can choose from a variety of theoretical orientations, each one rich in detailed explanations of human experience. As scientists, however, we want to know that our practice is based on valid, empirically tested principles.Transactional Analysis (TA) is one of a number of theories that emerged fiom psychoanalytic tradi-

The present study tested the validity of the College-Level Examination Program's General Examination in English Composition (CLEP). With essay and objective tests as the criteria of writing performance, groups of Utah State University students that had completed Freshman English (FE Group) were compared with groups of Utah State University students who had been excused from FE based on their CLEP scores (CLEP Group). Advanced Placement students also participated in the study. From the data, inferences were made that (1) the CLEP had been accurately applied at Utah State University, and (2) the CLEP can validly be used to excuse Utah State University students from FE.