SummaryThis paper reports the findings of a two-wave longitudinal study investigating relationships between organizational and individual career management activities and organizational commitment in the early years of graduate careers. Several hypotheses are tested and receive mixed support. High organizational commitment predicts the practice of career management activities by graduates to further their career within the organization while low commitment is closely associated with behaviour aimed at furthering the career outside the organization. Graduates who manage their own careers also receive more career management help from their employer. This suggests that there may be the potential for employers to create a 'virtuous circle' of career management in which individual and organizational activities complement each other.

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The focus of this paper is on a method for the design of bespoke small-scale pilot, metalforming processes and models that accurately represent corresponding industrial-scale processes. Introducing new complex metal forming processes in industry commonly involves a trial and error approach to ensure that the final product requirements are met. Detailed process modelling, analysis and small-scale feasibility trials could be carried out instead. A fundamental concern of scaled experiments, however, is whether the results obtained can be guaranteed to be representative of the associated industrial processes. Presently, this is not the case with classical approaches founded on dimensional analysis providing little direction for the design of scaled metal-forming experiments. The difficulty is that classical approaches often focus predominantly on constitutive equations (which indirectly represent micro-structural behaviour) and thus focus on aspects that invariably cannot be scaled. This paper introduces a new approach founded on scaled transport equations that describe the physics involved on a finite domain. The transport approach however focuses on physical quantities that do scale and thus provides a platform on which bulk behaviour is accurately represented across the length scales. The new approach is trialled and compared against numerically obtained results to reveal a new powerful technique for scaled experimentation.