For a series of copper(II) porphyrins, we report EPR data from solid solutions as well as E 0 values for the first ring oxidation, emission spectra, and luminescence lifetimes in methylene chloride. Although the EPR parameters are fairly constant, the potentials vary by almost 700 mV, and the room-temperature lifetimes range from 300 ns for Cu(TCl2PP) to 15 ns for Cu(TMeOPP), where TCl2PP denotes 5,10,15,20-tetra(2‘,6‘-dichlorophenyl)porphyrin and TMeOPP denotes 5,10,15,20−tetra(4‘-methoxyphenyl)porphyrin. The data show that the variation in the lifetime of the emitting π−π* state is not due to the thermal population of another excited state of either d−d or charge-transfer parentage. However, the results are consistent with a model originally introduced by Asano et al. who proposed that an important vibronic distortion occurs in the emitting trip-doublet and trip-quartet states when the excitation involves the a2u orbital of the porphyrin (Asano, M.; Kaizu, Y.; Kobayashi, H. J. Chem. Phys. 1988, 89, 6567−6576). In view of the fact that the distortion is unique to the copper systems, we suggest that it involves movement toward a sitting-atop structure, consistent with the role the d10 configuration is likely to have in the excited-state wave function.

The application of process analytical technology (PAT) for biotherapeutic development and manufacturing has been employed owing to technological, economic, and regulatory advantages across the industry. Typically, chromatographic, spectroscopic, and/or mass spectrometric sensors are integrated into upstream and downstream unit operations in in-line, on-line, or at-line fashion to enable real-time monitoring and control of the process. Despite the widespread utility of PAT technologies at various unit operations of the bioprocess, a holistic business value assessment of PAT has not been well addressed in biologics. Thus, in this study, we evaluated PAT technologies based on predefined criteria for their technological attributes such as enablement of better process understanding, control, and highthroughput capabilities; as well as for business attributes such as simplicity of implementation, lead time, and cost reduction. The study involved an industry-wide survey, where input from subject matter industry experts on various PAT tools were collected, assessed, and ranked. The survey results demonstrated on-line liquid Chromatography (LC), in-line Raman, and gas analysis techniques are of high business value especially at the production bioreactor unit operation of upstream processing. In-line variable path-length UV/VIS measurements (VPE), on-line LC, multiangle light scattering (MALS), and automated sampling are of high business value in Protein A purification and polishing steps of the downstream process. We also provide insights, based on our experience in clinical and commercial manufacturing of biologics, into the development and implementation of some of the PAT tools. The results presented in this study are intended to be helpful for the current practitioners of PAT as well as those new to the field to gauge, prioritize and steer their projects for success.

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Monodisperse cationic latexes containing 1–60 mol‐% of quaternary ammonium ion repeat units increase the rates of decarboxylation of 6‐nitro‐benzisoxazole‐3‐carboxylate and of o‐iodosobenzoate‐catalyzed hydrolysis of p‐nitrophenyl diphenyl phosphate by factors of up to 10500 and 6300 compared with the rates in aqueous solutions. The catalytic effects are due more to high local concentrations of reactants in the particles than to increased rate constants of reaction in particles.