Threeline grunt (Parapristipoma trilineatum) distributes around the southwestern coast of Japan and the east coast of China. The Chinese P. trilineatum was imported by Japan as an aquacultural seed because of its rapid growth compared with that of the Japanese P. trilineatum. The Japanese P. trilineatum differs from the Chinese P. trilineatum in some quantitative traits, and it has been suggested that these two P. trilineatum populations are genetically different. In order to identify the population structures around Japan and China, 5 local populations of the Japanese P. trilineatum and 2 local populations of the Chinese P. trilineatum were analyzed using 4 microsatellite DNA markers. Significant differences were detected between Japanese and Chinese P. trilineatum and among samples of Chinese P. trilineatum; however, among the samples of Japanese P. trilineatum, no significant differences were detected. These results suggest that care must be taken to prevent the escape of the Chinese P. trilineatum from culture cages around the Japanese coast, in order to preserve the genetically different population structures of Japanese and Chinese P. trilineatum.
With the development of cloud services and the Internet of Things, the integration of heterogeneous systems is becoming increasingly complex. Identity management is important in the coordination of various systems, and public key infrastructure (PKI) is widely known as an identity management methods. In PKI, a certificate authority (CA) acts as a trust point to guarantee the identity of entities such as users, devices, and services. However, traditional CAs that delegate the operations to a specific organization are not always suitable for heterogeneous services, and a new methodology is required to enable multiple stakeholders to securely and cooperatively operate a CA. In this study, we introduce the concept of a consortium CA and propose a distributed public key certificate-issuing infrastructure that realizes a consortium CA. The proposed infrastructure enables multiple organizations to cooperatively operate a CA suitable for services involving multiple stakeholders. We identify four requirements for the cooperative operation of a consortium CA and design the proposed infrastructure with distributed ledger technology. Furthermore, we present the implementation of smart contracts with Hyperledger Fabric and prove that the proposed infrastructure satisfies the four requirements. Finally, we confirm that certificate issuance and verification are stable at approximately 4 and 3 ms, respectively.
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