Nalfura ne is a pharmaceutical agent used in the treatment of cutaneous pruritus. Although its orally disintegrating (OD) lm agent is approved, noninferiority of its disintegration and elution to various OD tablet agents has yet to be demonstrated. This study aimed to evaluate the pharmaceutical characteristics of the nalfura ne OD lm agent. Disintegration and elution performance were tested for 4 different types of nalfura ne OD pharmaceutical agents including 1 lm agent and 3 tablet agents. Visual evaluation was employed for the disintegration test, while measurement of concentration using high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet was employed for the elution test. As a result of disintegration evaluation (n = 3), the OD lm agent repeatedly exhibited the same complete disintegration time (60 s), while the other three OD tablet agents showed the time variability (120 s -30 min). After the test start, the OD lm agents began disintegration at 20 s while the OD tablet agents began disintegration immediately. As a result of elution evaluation (n = 6), after the test start, the OD lm agent was eluted 100.6% in 5 min, while the OD tablet agents were eluted 95.8%, 75.8% and 80.5%, respectively. In conclusion, this study indicates that the nalfura ne OD lm agent was not inferior to the OD tablet agents in terms of disintegration and elution.
Background Microbubbles used in contrast echo examination are destroyed by exposure to ultrasound but develop a new ultrasound wave on destruction, the so-called flash effect. Factors influencing the magnitude of the new wave have yet to be elucidated. Here we investigate the method of assessing this effect and attempt to clarify the relevant differences between contrast agents.Methods Three contrast agents were used: Albunex, Optison (FS 069), and Levovist. We used fundamental mode (3.75 MHz) and harmonic mode (2.5 to 5.0 MHz) ultrasound produced by a prototype echocardiograph (Toshiba) and measured the video intensity (VI) (256 gray scale) of each contrast agent contained in a thin rubber sack while changing acoustic power from a minimum level to high levels of + 10.5 dB, + 16.5 dB, and +22.5 dB.Results VI was not changed by low acoustic power; however, it increased rapidly for a short time and then decreased rapidly when exposed to high acoustic power. The increase in VI varied with acoustic power: 30 to 60 at + 10.5 dB and 70 to 115 at +22.5 dB. The increase in VI was larger in harmonic mode than in fundamental mode. The degree of decrease in VI after the flash effect correlated with the extent of increase in VI produced by the flash effect.Conclusions The flash effect occurred with each of the contrast agents, and its magnitude varied with acoustic power and contrast agent.
Background Although the intermittent mode is necessary for myocardial opacification in intravenous myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE), the effect of EGG trigger timing, on good myocardial opacification without production of artifacts, is not clear.Method MCE was performed on six closed-chest dogs by injecting FS 69 (0.1 ml) intravenously using an Acuson Sequoia 512 ultrasound system with intermittent harmonic imaging (1.75/3.5 MHz) in the short-axis view. Myocardial opacification and acoustic shadow were evaluated from a video tape recording triggered at every end-systole or end-diastole phase. Peak video intensity of four quadrant regions and extent of the acoustic shadow expressed as the incident angle viewed from the center of the left ventricular cavity were measured.Results The angle of acoustic shadow was significantly larger in the image triggered at end-diastole than in the image triggered at end-systole. However, trigger timing did not affect myocardial opaeification in either region.Conclusion Trigger timing should be set at end-systole to minimize acoustic shadowing.
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