Nearly finished sequences for model organisms provide a foundation from which to explore genomic diversity among other taxonomic groups. We explore genome-wide microsynteny patterns between the rice sequence and two sorghum physical maps that integrate genetic markers, bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) fingerprints, and BAC hybridization data. The sorghum maps largely tile a genomic component containing 41% of BACs but 80% of single-copy genes that shows conserved microsynteny with rice and partially tile a nonsyntenic component containing 46% of BACs but only 13% of single-copy genes. The remaining BACs are centromeric (4%) or unassigned (8%). The two genomic components correspond to cytologically discernible ''euchromatin'' and ''heterochromatin.'' Gene and repetitive DNA distributions support this classification. Greater microcolinearity in recombinogenic (euchromatic) than nonrecombinogenic (heterochromatic) regions is consistent with the hypothesis that genomic rearrangements are usually deleterious, thus more likely to persist in nonrecombinogenic regions by virtue of Muller's ratchet. Interchromosomal centromeric rearrangements may have fostered diploidization of a polyploid cereal progenitor. Model plant sequences better guide studies of related genomes in recombinogenic than nonrecombinogenic regions. Bridging of 35 physical gaps in the rice sequence by sorghum BAC contigs illustrates reciprocal benefits of comparative approaches that extend at least across the cereals and perhaps beyond.comparative genomics ͉ Oryza ͉ synteny T he grasses (Poaceae) provide most of mankind's caloric intake and a growing share of our fuel. The best-studied grasses, leading cereal crops, shared a common paleopolyploid ancestor Ϸ42-47 million years ago (mya) (1). Cereals show much colinearity of genetic maps and often have important traits controlled by quantitative trait loci at corresponding locations (2). Despite these similarities, the cereals have diverged remarkably in genome size from Ϸ430 million base pairs (MBP) in rice (3) to 15,966 MBP in wheat (3), largely due to differential repetitive DNA amplification and elimination.As a model for tropical grasses, sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (SB)] is a logical complement to rice (Oryza), in that it has biochemical and morphological specializations to improve carbon assimilation at high temperatures (C4 photosynthesis). By contrast, rice uses C3 photosynthesis more typical of temperate grasses. The Ϸ760-MBP (3) sorghum genome is a logical bridge to the Ϸ2,500-MBP (3) maize genome, and the Ϸ4,000-MBP (3) genome of sugarcane, the world's leading biomass͞biofuels crop. Sorghum shared common ancestry with maize (12 mya) and sugarcane (5 mya), much more recently than rice (42-47 mya). The most recent whole-genome duplication in sorghum appears to be Ϸ70 mya (1) vs. Ϸ12 mya in maize (4) and Ͻ5 mya in sugarcane (5), promising a higher success rate in relating sorghum genes to phenotypes by knockouts than either maize or sugarcane genes. Comparison of SB and closely related Sorghum...
4 Laryngoscope, 126:2475-2479, 2016.
Classification of vascular lesions based of off the biological behavior has greatly facilitated more accurate diagnoses, optimally defined treatment plans, and better outcomes. Treatment of vascular lesions has taken a more conservative surgical approach with reliance on select medical treatment options, which has greatly reduced morbidity and mortality resulting from extensive surgery. A multidisciplinary approach involving multiple surgical and pediatric subspecialties has led to advancement in both understanding and ideal treatment strategies of these lesions.
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